STATES OF MATTER Chapter 3

Labs done so far for ch. 3 sections 1 and 2: 1.Distilled wood and related read of temperatures with plateaus for substances produced 2.Distilling solution X (BP/CP –evaporation/condensation) with time, temp and volume graph 3. Cooling curve of moth nuggets and flakes

Kinetic Theory All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. These tiny particles are always in motion. (known as Brownian Motion) – temperature movement If temp. increases = then lighter objects move faster

How many states of matter are there?

States of Matter are Physically Different SOLID Closely packed Fixed Positions Vibrate LIQUID Closely packed – but can slide past one another GAS Constant motion – rarely stick together

There are 2 more states of matter PlasmaBose Einstein Condensate 566 × 566 × 5

What is the most common state of matter in the universe? 1.Solid 2.Liquid 3.Gas 4.plasma

Look at Plasma in the text, p Play clips of Plasma and Bose Einstein Condensate Plasma BEC

SOLIDS Crystalline Solids –Atoms organized in geometric patterns –Crystal systems –Ex: ice, methanol, sodium chloride Amorphous Solids –Atoms not organized in specific patterns –Do not have definite melting pts. –Ex: glass, plastic, gels

LIQUIDS Atoms are close (similar to solids) – but can slip pass each other. No definite shape

GAS Most energetic phase on Earth Move fast – cannot attach to each other No shape or volume

The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles

THERMAL ENERGY In a substance is the total energy of all its atoms and molecules Potential and Kinetic Energy

TEMPERATURE Is related to the random motion of atoms and molecules Proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecular motion

HEAT VS TEMPERATURE HEAT –Is energy that is measured in joules or calories TEMPERATURE –Measured in degrees –Measures the expansion or contraction of a liquid

When heat energy is added to a substance, the particles 1.Speed up 2.Slow down 3.Remain the same speed

When particles speed up, the particles 1.Stick and clump together 2.Slide by or bounce off of each other 3.Remain unchanged

When heat energy is lost from a substance, the particles 1.Speed up 2.Slow down 3.Remain the same speed

When particles slow down, the particles tend to 1.Stick and clump together 2.Slide by or bounce off of each other 3.Remain unchanged

Think of the following diagrams in terms of energy gained or energy lost by the substances.

Gas Liquid Solid

Gas Liquid Solid Evaporation

Gas Liquid Solid Condensation

Gas Liquid Solid Condensation Evaporation

Gas Liquid Solid Freezing

Gas Liquid Solid Melting

Gas Liquid Solid Melting Freezing

Gas Liquid Solid

Gas Liquid Solid Sublimation

Gas Liquid Solid Deposition

Gas Liquid Solid Deposition Sublimation

Gas Liquid Solid Deposition Sublimation Melting Freezing Condensation Evaporation

States of Matter are Physically Different because particle speed is different SOLID to Liquid= energy added (Melting) Lots of energy added at one time and solid  gas (sublimation) LIQUID to Gas= Energy added (Boiling) Go right to left and energy will be taken away at gas  liquid (condensing) And liquid  solid is (melting) Lots of energy lost at one time right to left and g  s (deposition)

What requires more energy for the same quantity of the same substance? 1.Raising the temperature of a substance 1º C 2.Completing a phase change

I have a solution of liquids. If in the heating process I have 4 distinct plateaus as the liquid changes to gas, how many liquids were in the solution? Unable to tell

The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles

Solid to a liquid 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

gas to a solid 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

liquid to a solid 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

Gas to a liquid 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

Solid to a gas 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

Liquid to a gas 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

melting 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

deposition 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

freezing 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

condensing 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

sublimation 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

boiling 1.Energy added 2.Energy lost

End of Chapter 3 sections 1 and 2

THERMAL ENERGY In a substance is the total energy of all its atoms and molecules Potential and Kinetic Energy

TEMPERATURE Is related to the random motion of atoms and molecules Proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecular motion

HEAT VS TEMPERATURE HEAT –Is energy that is measured in joules or calories TEMPERATURE –Measured in degrees –Measures the expansion or contraction of a liquid