Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration Section 9-1 Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration Overview of Cellular Respiration (Know sequence of events) Definition – The process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down _______ and other food molecules in the presence of ________ (_________). This is an _______ reaction. NAD+ acts as the electron carrier (NAD – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Occurs in all eukaryotic cells. 6O2 + C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = Energy (36 ATP)

ATP – ____________ ________________ Section 8-1 ATP – ____________ ________________ Supplies energy for all cellular processes _________ __________ 3 _______ ________

Figure 8-3 Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery Section 8-1 ADP – ____ ______ ATP – ____ ______ Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

Figure 9–2 Cellular Respiration: An Overview Section 9-1 Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle Fermentation Electron Transport Alcohol Lactic Acid Section 9-1 Glycolysis O2 present No O2 present Krebs Cycle Fermentation Electron Transport Alcohol Lactic Acid

1st step – Glycolysis is when one molecule of ________ is broken in _____, producing two molecules of _______ acid, a 3-C compound. If oxygen is present then pyruvic acid enters _____ Cycle If no oxygen then pyruvic acid enters ____________ process

Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm Starting molecule is glucose Section 9-2 Glycolysis – occurs in the cytoplasm Starting molecule is glucose ATP Production – __ ATPs are needed at beginning, but 4 are produced, total of 2 net gain for the cell. C. _____ is a carrier for electrons to the electron transport chain (____). D. 1 glucose = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP = 2 NADH E. Total ATP = ___

To the electron transport chain Figure 9–3 Glycolysis Section 9-1 Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain

Anaerobic – ___ _____ ______ III. Fermentation Anaerobic – ___ _____ ______ Alcoholic fermentation by yeast and some bacteria Pyruvic acid = _______ alcohol + CO2 + ____+ _______ dioxide causes bread to rise, heat in baking evaporates any alcohol. Used to produce beer and wine

2. Lactic acid fermentation ______ acid + NADH Lactic acid + NAD+ Produced in muscles during _________ exercise when the body cannot supply enough _______. Leads to soreness. Unicellular organisms ferment food and beverages. Ex: yogurt, _______, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut

Fermentation (without oxygen) Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

IV. ______ Cycle 2nd step, occurs in ______________ Starts with pyruvic acid and gives off ________ dioxide Energizes NAD+ to form NADH (_________ carriers) high energy Results: High energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) take __________ to ETC Carbon dioxide is breathed out 2 _____ formed

Figure 9–6 The Krebs Cycle Section 9-2 OAA – Oxaloacetate is a 4 Carbon molecule with low energy FADH2 – Flavin adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen Citric Acid Production Mitochondrion Succinate – 4 carbon compound with energy NADH – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen OAA succinate Alpha-ketogluterate

Fermentation (without oxygen) Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

V. Electron __________Chain (ETC) – 3rd step V. Electron __________Chain (ETC) – 3rd step Occurs between __________ in the mitochondria in all animals, plants and _____________ Uses high energy electrons (stored in NADH and ______2) from Krebs to convert ____ to ATP. Carrier proteins ________ in the mitochondrial membrane pass high-energy ________ along and ______ H+ into the intermembrane space Oxygen is the final electron ________ and combines with hydrogen to form water

As the amount of H+ builds in the __________ As the amount of H+ builds in the __________ space, one H+ rushes back across the ______ membrane causes ATP synthase to spin, re- energizing ADP to _____. Each pair of e- generate enough energy to _______ 3 ADP to 3 ATP. Total ATP = ______ Total ATP generated in all steps of ________ = 36

Figure 9–7 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production

VI. Energy and Exercise Cells normally contain enough _____ for a few seconds of intense activity. After 90 seconds, cellular respiration supplies ATP For long-term activity,__________stored in the muscle is burned and lasts 15-20 minutes. After that, other ___________ such as fat are burned for energy (aerobics, running & swimming) Need to breathe ______ after exercise to repay oxygen debt and rid body of ______ acid

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

VI. Comparing ____________ and Cellular Respiration See figure ________ Photosynthesis does not release energy from glucose ____________ removes CO2 and _________ returns it. ________ in photosynthesis is _______ in respiration.