WHAT IS GLASS? Glass is the name given to any amorphous (non-crystalline) solid that displays a glass transitionnear its melting point. This is related to the glass transition temperature, which is the temperature where an amorphous solid becomes soft near its melting point or a liquid becomes brittle near its freezing point.

TYPES OF GLASS 1-Normal Glass2- Tempered Glass 3- Laminated Glass

Normal glass is an amorphous solid (non-crystalline) material that exhibits a glass transition, which is the reversible transition in amorphous materials (or in amorphous regions within semicrystalline materials) from a hard and relatively brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. Glasses are typically brittle and can be optically transparent.

MANUFACTURING 1-Obtain silica sand. 2-Add sodium carbonate and calcium oxide to the sand. 3-Add other chemicals, depending on the glass's intended purpose. 4- Add chemicals to produce a desired color in the glass, if any 5-Place the mixture in a good heat-resistant crucible or holder.

6-Melt the mixture into a liquid. 7-Homogenize and remove bubbles from the molten glass. 8-Shape the molten glass. 9-Let the glass cool. 10-Heat-treat the glass to strengthen it.

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TEMPERED GLASS (Toughened) It is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the inner surfaces into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.

Toughened glass can be made from annealed glass via a thermal tempering process. The glass is placed onto a roller table, taking it through a furnace that heats it above its annealing point of about 720 °C (1,328 °F). The glass is then rapidly cooled with forced air drafts while the inner portion remains free to flow for a short time.

HOW TO TEMPERED GLASS 1-Cut the glass into the desired shape first. 2-Inspect the glass for imperfections. 3-Sand the cut edges smooth. 4-Wash the glass. 5-Heat the glass in a tempering oven. 6-Quench the glass to cool it.

LAMINATED GLASS Laminated glass made with plates of plastic or resin or other material between two sheets of glass to prevent shattering.

MANUFACTURING There are several laminated glass manufacturing processes: 1-using two or more pieces of glass bonded between one or more pieces of plasticized polyvinyl butyric resin using heat and pressure. 2-using two or more pieces of glass and polycarbonate, bonded together with aliphatic urethane interlayers under heat and pressure. 3-interlaid with a cured resin. Each manufacturing process may include glass lites of equal or unequal thickness.

CUTTING -Special purpose laminated cutting tables -Vertically-inclined saw frames -A blowlamp or hot air blower. REPAIR It repair is possible for minor impact damage using a process that involves drilling into the fractured glass to reach the lamination layer. Special clear adhesive resin is injected under pressure and then cured with ultraviolet light. When done properly, the strength and clarity is sufficiently restored for most safety related purposes. The process is widely used to repair large industrial automotive windshields where the damage does not interfere with the view of the driver.

COMPARISION when they broke NORMALTEMPEREDLAMINATED Sharp Big Dangereous Uncontrolled distribution Soft Small Safety Controlled distribution Semi sharp Medium Safety Controlled distibution

GLASS HOUSE Italian architect Carlo Santambrogio and designer Ennio Arosio created two blue-glass concept homes to showcase Santambrogio’s glass furniture line Simplicity.

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