Cold War -- Eisenhower Years T.S. – Explicitly assess information and draw conclusions Objective- to understand how The Cold War shaped foreign policy throughout the 1950s

Cold War under Eisenhower Brinkmanship: taking the country to the brink of war to avoid war (Sect. of State Dulles) Massive Retaliation: a US nuclear arsenal may be a cheaper alternative to large-scale conventional forces Soviet Aggression: met with nuclear threat

Eisenhower Foreign Policy: Containment Korea Truce in 1953 Hungary (1956) Suez Crisis (1956) Eisenhower Doctrine (aid to M. East) -the US would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism—usually meant using the CIA

Eisenhower Foreign Policy: Containment CIA Covert Operations: Iran (1953) Guatemala (1954) Vietnam (1954) US provides $ to S. Vietnam, installs Diem U2 spy plane incident (1960) cancels summit on nuclear test bans

Guatemala A dictator came to power on a platform to reduce poverty Wanted to redistribute land American Fruit company, US firm, is the largest landholder CIA trained mercenaries and US fighter planes toppled the government Land is redistributed, but a military dictatorship took over 1954– CIA helped overthrow the new leader Our involvement there – economic, and to protect from perceived communism

Latin America Guatemala (1954) Cuba (1959) The ragtag rebel army  funded by the CIA. CIA Castro Speaking to supporters

Korea Truman = limited war During Eisenhower, the domino theory takes root—if one country fell to communism, the rest would fall like dominoes (VN) IKE personally went to make sure 38th parallel was maintained by troops

Asia Domino Theory Korea Truce (1953) Vietnam (1954) SEATO SEATO in Blue Diem Armistice Signed in Korea

Hungary - 1956 People in Poland, Czech, and Hungary resented USSR rule Hungarians revolted, Khrushchev responded with force Hungary tried to withdraw from the Warsaw pact Ike opted NOT to support the rebels for fear of starting WWIII Because of this and the U2 spy plane incident, Ike withdrew from the Test Ban Treaty Summit

Europe Hungary 1956 U2 spy plane incident (1960)—set back talks between Khrushchev and IKE Hungarian revolution Francis Gary Powers Spy Plane

U2 Incident The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on 1 May 1960, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and during the leadership of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over the airspace of the Soviet Union. The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its intact remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers, as well as photos of military bases in Russia taken by Powers. Coming roughly two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit in Paris, the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union.

Suez Canal 1956-1957 Nasser (Egypt) – tried to use the US/USSR rivalry to his advantage US/GB initially offered to fund a dam on the Nile It’s nationalized = placed under gov’t control IKE refuses to support Brit and French (who had joined forces with Israel) Significance – first time oil as a resource is used as a bargaining tool for diplomacy

Iran - Brings the first involvement of the CIA in the overthrow of a foreign government US wanted to replace a Marxist leader We install Shah Rezi Pahlavi He will remain in power there until 1979

Middle East Iran (1953) Suez Crisis (1956) Eisenhower Doctrine Suez Canal Middle East Iran (1953) Suez Crisis (1956) Eisenhower Doctrine Lebanon (1958) Shah Pahlavi Eisenhower sends troops and aid to Lebanon.

Cold War competition = Progress Through Science 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe Computer 1952 -- Hydrogen Bomb Test 1953 -- DNA Structure Discovered 1954 -- Salk Vaccine Tested for Polio 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant 1958 -- NASA Created 1959 -- Press Conference of the First 7 American Astronauts 15

Progress Through Science 1957  Russians launch SPUTNIK I 1958  National Defense Education Act 16

R.I.P. Laika

UFO Sightings skyrocketed in the 1950s. Progress Through Science UFO Sightings skyrocketed in the 1950s. War of the Worlds Hollywood used aliens as a metaphor for whom ?? 18

Progress Through Science Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing: 1946-1962  U. S. exploded 217 nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada. 19

The 50s Come to a Close 1959  Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate” Cold War -----> Tensions <----- Technology & Affluence 20

Cold War competitive energies Space race/technologies reflected in the rise of science fiction Kitchen debates—Nixon and Khrushchev http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=176

http://www. youtube. com/watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6RLCw1OZFw (1:30 minutes in for tv remark)

Eisenhower Legacy Eisenhower warns of the growing power of the “military-industrial Complex”: connection of the Armed Forces and Defense Industries http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y06NSBBRtY