Chapters 2 and 3

 It is assumed that this is all prior knowledge since you had chemistry.  Atomic structure, basic terminology, octet rule and role of valence electrons in bonding.  6 key elements in biochemicals

 Still considered previous knowledge!!  Be able to compare and contrast ionic, covalent (polar and nonpolar), hydrogen, and hydrophobic interactions.  Know key examples AS RELEVANT TO LIFE  Know how the bond is formed and relative strength  Predict resulting charge/dipoles  What is likely to happen to ionic compounds in a biological system? (water based!)

 How many covalent bonds does carbon like to form? Why? With what other atoms?  How does the electronegativity of an atom affect its bonding tendencies?  Which highly electronegative atoms do we need to worry about in Biology?

 Relate the polarity of the water molecule to each of the following properties of water:  High heat capacity and heat of vaporization  Cohesion  Adhesion  Ability to dissolve certain substances (which?)  Now go back and discuss the significance of each of these properties with regard to living things  Apply the phrase “like dissolves like”

 Functional Groups – what are they? What behaviors do they “attach” to a molecule?  Be able to predict how chemicals will react based on their collection of functional groups.  Yes, you must memorize the list and their properties.

 Monomers vs. Polymers  How are they built/broken down? Know the reactions  Other name for condensation?  Be able to name monomers/polymers for carbs, proteins and nucleic acids

 What structural similarities do carbohydrates have?  What are the roles of carbohydrates in living things?  Differentiate between simple and complex sugars in terms of energy usage.

 Know the significance of the following monosaccharides: glucose, ribose and deoxyribose  How can different sugars have the same formula? What are these called? Example? What significance does this have biologically?

 How are monosaccharides linked to form di-, oligo-, polysaccharides?

 Compare and contrast the structure and function of starch, collagen and glycogen

 How does the structure of lipids compare to that of carbs?  Identify the functions of lipids in living things

 How are triglycerides made?  Differentiate between the structure of fats and oils  What aspect of the structure makes it such a successful energy storage molecule?

 Describe the structure of a phospholipid  How does it differ from a triglyceride?  How does this difference enable phospholipids to serve as the barrier of the cell?

 Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy as it applies to metabolism

 Provide biologically relevant examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions  Diagram the energy changes that happen during anabolic and catabolic reactions and be able to explain in terms of Δ G

 Relate the laws of thermodynamics (1 and 2) to biological systems