Native American Movements By Jackie Stephens and Emily Roth

Pan Indian Movement -a renewed interest in Native American identity that spread throughout North America in the early decades of the 20th century and led to unified actions by many tribes

AIM ❖ AIM stands for the American Indian Movement ❖ The group was formed in 1968 by urban Native American political activists in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where many native americans lived in ghettos after being forcefully displaced from the reservations by various government. They wanted to gain fulfilment of US treaty obligations to American Indians and to increase federal programs to support Native American families.

Goals of the AIM The American Indian Movement had many goals, including: ❖ The protection of treaty rights ❖ The preservation of spirituality and culture ❖ The construction of specific indian organizations ❖ Regaining of Native American lands ❖ creation of job training, education programs, and youth centers ❖ establishment of schools for Native Americans, such as the Heart of the Earth ❖ DESEGREGATION WAS NOT A GOAL

Leaders of AIM NeeGawNwayWeeDun ● one of the co-founders of AIM. Clyde H. Bellecourt ●Co- founder of AIM ●organized a peaceful march on Washington D.C. in order to demand new legislation to remove the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) as an agency of the Department of the Interior. ●one of the main negotiators in the wounded knee conflict.

Beginning of the Movement The movement began in the mid 1960s in the prisons of the American Midwest. Native Americans realized that many of their brothers and sisters were in jail, condemned to perpetual poverty, poor health and despair. They began to understand and appreciate their unique spiritual and cultural heritage that was stolen from them. This realization led to the rebirth of the Native American culture in the United States.

Timeline of Important Events 1968 MINNEAPOLIS AIM PATROL : created to address issues of extensive police brutality ALCATRAZ ISLAND: Alcatraz was a prison which held America's most notorious criminals. Native Americans occupied it for about 18 months and demanded fairness and respect RED SCHOOL HOUSE : the second survival school to open and offered cultural based education services. HEART OF THE EARTH SURVIVAL SCHOOL: a K-12 school established to address the extremely high drop-out rate among American Indian students and lack of cultural programming. TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES : a march on Washington, DC ending in the occupation of BIA headquarters and resulting in the presentation of a 20-point solution paper to President Nixon INTERNATIONAL INDIAN TREATY COUNCIL (IITC): an organization representing Indian peoples throughout the western hemisphere at the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. WOUNDED KNEE TRIALS: Eight months of trials in Minneapolis resulted from events which occurred during the 1973 Wounded Knee occupation. This was the longest Federal trial in the history of the United States. Many instances of government misconduct were revealed with the result that US District judge Fred Nichol dismissed all charges due to government "misconduct" which "formed a pattern throughout the course of the trial" so that "the waters of justice have been polluted."

Tactics of the Native American Movement THe NAtive Americans used many tactics to get the attention of the world. For example, they set up: ● protests and sit ins ● marches on Washington ● sent formal demands to Congress Red Power Movement was an organization founded in 1968 and was greatly influenced by the African American civil rights group, the Black Panthers. They were trying to stop the police's cruelty against them and in order to show this, they taped the police brutality.

The Trail of Broken Treaties 20-Point Indian Manifesto 1.Restoration of treaty making (ended by Congress in 1871). 2.Establishment of a treaty commission to make new treaties (with sovereign Native Nations). 3.Indian leaders to address Congress. 4.Review of treaty commitments and violations. 5.Unratified treaties to go before the Senate. 6.All Indians to be governed by treaty relations. 7.Relief for Native Nations for treaty rights violations. 8.Recognition of the right of Indians to interpret treaties. 9.Joint Congressional Committee to be formed on reconstruction of Indian relations. 10.Restoration of 110 million acres of land taken away from Native Nations by the United States. 11.Restoration of terminated rights. 12.Repeal of state jurisdiction on Native Nations. 13.Federal protection for offenses against Indians. 14.Abolishment of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. 15.Creation of a new office of Federal Indian Relations. 16.New office to remedy breakdown in the constitutionally prescribed relationships between the United States and Native Nations. 17.Native Nations to be immune to commerce regulation, taxes, trade restrictions of states. 18.Indian religious freedom and cultural integrity protected. 19.Establishment of national Indian voting with local options; free national Indian organizations from governmental controls 20.Reclaim and affirm health, housing, employment, economic development, and education for all Indian people.

Why change was needed? -Change was needed to bring action to the injustices that were occurring, establish care and protection, and preserve the Native American land and culture. -Indian people refused to relinquish their sovereign right to exist as free and uncolonized people. -Crimes against Native Americans were often not reported and disciplinary actions were rarely taken. -Server problems with education, income, and employment. Congress’s Injustices: ●Indian Removal Act (1830) authorized the resettlement of eastern Indian tribes to new lands west of the Mississippi River ●General Allotment Act (1887) allowed the division of Native American reservations into individually owned tracts of land ●Trail of Broken Treaties

Significance of the Native American Movement -The Native American movements were important to understand America during the Cold War. these movements allowed gave control to the Native Americans over their reservations. Also, education was improved for native american children and adolescents. It produced a sense of pride in being Native American and helped establish Native American Studies programs. Lastly, it created a desire to learn more about traditional Native American culture.

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Critical Thinking Questions 1.When and why was the AIM formed? 2.Who were major leaders in AIM and how did they influence the movement? 3.What events were most important to the movement? Why? 4. How does the Native American Movement change the lives’ of Native Americans today? 5.What sparked the beginning of the movement?

Citations Wittstock, Laura Waterman, and Elaine J. Salinas. "A Brief Histry of AIM." A Brief Histry of AIM. AIM Media Project, n.d. Web. 19 May "American Indian Movement." What Is the ? N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May movement.htmlhttp:// movement.html "Redirecting." Redirecting. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May Clyde.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNEFY642lWc2G8sJRr35aR-A9dDIIw Dramer, Kim. “Native Americans and Black Americans”. Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia Frank W. Porter lll. (pg ).