By Reid Janssen And Ryan Miller

Forces within Bonding Intramolecular and Intermolecular forces Intermolecular forces are attraction between neighboring molecules intramolecular forces are attraction within molecules chemical bonds. Dipole-Dipole attraction Attraction between molecules that are dipoles. Van der waals forces Are weak intermolecular attraction that exist but one molecule and another whether polar or non-polar. The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. It’s a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles

Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding is the bond between two non-metals. Such a bond exists when two or more non-metals come together and share electrons to satisfy the octet rule, which states that each atom must have a total of 8 electrons on it’s valence shell. The electrons within covalent bonds are shared, neither atom gives or takes the others electron. There are two branches of covalent bonding, non-polar and polar. In covalent polar bonds the atoms within the bond are all sharing the electrons unequally. Ex: HCl In covalent non polar bonds the electrons are shared equally, this only consists within the atoms of the same element. Ex: F₂

Drawing Covalent Bonds To draw covalent bonds, we use the electron dot diagram. Ex: HCl F2 HCl FF Covalent polar bondCovalent non-polar

Ionic Bonding Ionic bonding is the bond between a metal and a non-metal. Non-metals are usually negative and metals are usually positive, when one negative non-metal and a positive metal join together they form a ionic compound. In an Ionic bond the metal (unless its an ion) will always give up its electrons to the non-metal in order to satisfy the octet rule. Ions are formed when neutral atoms either gives up or gains a valence electron. The loss of electrons from a metal atom makes a positive ion. The gain of electrons by a non-metal give a negative ion. If a metal such as sodium losses two electrons it will act as a non- metal in the halogen family.

Drawing Ionic Bonding Electron dot diagrams Na + Cl = Na+ - Cl Ionic bond S2eS [] Sulfur Ion

Hydrogen Bonding The strong intermolecular attraction between the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to an atom of a highly electronegative element such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine (all halogens). A common example of this is H₂O (water)