Wiecek and Young IFRS Primer Chapter 24 Leases: IAS 17

2 Leases Related standards IAS 17 Current GAAP comparisons IFRS financial statement disclosures Looking ahead End-of-chapter practice

Related Standards FAS 13 Accounting for leases 3

Related Standards IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment IAS 36 Impairment of assets IAS 38 Intangible assets IAS 40 Investment property IAS 41 Agriculture 4

IAS 17 – Overview Objective and scope Classification of leases Recognition and measurement by the lessee Recognition and measurement by the lessor Sale and leaseback transactions 5

IAS 17 – Objective and Scope Accounting and disclosure policies – lessees – lessors Excludes leases – for exploration and use of non-renewable natural resources – licensing agreements for many intangible assets (movies, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, etc.) 6

IAS 17 – Classification of Leases A lease is an agreement in which a lessor conveys the right to use an asset for an agreed time to a lessee in return for payment(s). Lease classification – finance lease – operating lease Decision – whether risks and rewards of ownership are transferred from lessor to lessee 7

IAS 17 – Classification of Leases Risk and rewards incidental to ownership transferred = finance lease Risks and rewards not transferred = operating lease Use judgment to evaluate individual circumstances and conditions 8

IAS 17 – Classification of Leases Classification as a finance lease supported by – ownership transferred by end of lease term – could be by bargain purchase option – lessee receives most of economic benefit of asset (consider lease term) – lessor obtains a return of investment in asset and a return on investment (consider PV of lease payments relative to asset’s fair value) – asset is specialized to lessee’s needs, costly to modify for other use 9

IAS 17 – Classification of Leases Might lead to classification as a finance lease – lessee bears lessor’s losses from lease cancellation – changes in asset’s fair value accrue to lessee at end of lease – lease term extendible at much less than market rate at end of lease 10

IAS 17 – Classification of Leases If not a finance lease, then is an operating lease Special issues when land and building are leased together and title is not transferred: – land lease cannot be a finance lease; building lease can be – if value of leased interest in land is immaterial, treat as building – if material, allocate payments between land and building based on relative values of leased interests in each 11

IAS 17 – Classification of Leases Minimum lease payments (MLP) –lessee’s definition 1. payments over the lease term that the lessee is required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor 2. if applicable, the payment required to exercise a “bargain purchase” option 3. amounts guaranteed by the lessee or party related to the lessee 12

IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessee Finance lease accounting – recognize as acquisition of an asset and incurring of a liability – after acquisition, asset depreciation policies are those in IAS 16 or IAS 38 – lease payments are split between interest, principal and operating-type costs, if applicable 13

Finance lease disclosures – net carrying amount by class of asset – MLP and the PV of MLP due within 1 year; between years 2 and 5; and beyond 5 years from B/S date – reconciliation of total of MLP to the PV of the MLP – contingent rents expensed in period; – sublease payments expected in future – information about leasing arrangements, purchase options, contingent rents, restrictions 14 IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessee

Operating lease accounting – expense over lease term, usually on a straight- line basis Operating lease disclosures – total future MLP due within 1 year, between years 2 and 5; and beyond 5 years from B/S date – sublease payments expected in future – expense recognized in period for each of MLP, contingent rents, sublease payments – information about leasing arrangements, purchase options, contingent rents, restrictions 15 IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessee

IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor Classification decision – same as for lessee, but using lessor definition of MLP – if risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to lessee – remove asset from lessor’s accounts – if risks and rewards retained by lessor, asset remains in lessor’s accounts 16

IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor Lessor uses different definition of minimum lease payments (MLP) – the payments over the lease term that the lessee is required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor – if applicable, the payment required to exercise a “bargain purchase” option – any residual value guaranteed by a party not related to the lessor 17

IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor Finance lease - lessor could be either – a manufacturer or dealer in business to earn a gross profit on the sale of the asset and finance income to compensate for delayed payment terms, or – primarily a financial intermediary in business to facilitate the financing of assets by others and to earn finance income as its primary source of income Situations differ – therefore entries differ 18

IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor 19 At beginning of lease termThroughout lease term Lease Receivable x Sales x Unearned Finance Income x Cost of Goods Sold x Inventory x To record the lease transaction. Cash x Lease Receivable x To record lease payment received. Unearned Finance Income x Finance Income x To recognize finance income earned in period. Manufacturer/dealer lessors Manufacturer/dealer lessors

Financial intermediary lessors 20 Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor At beginning of lease termThroughout lease term Lease Receivable x Unearned Finance Income x Assets Purchased to Lease x To record the lease transaction. Cash x Lease Receivable x To record lease payment received. Unearned Finance Income x Finance Income x To recognize finance income earned in period.

Lease receivable = gross investment in the lease: – undiscounted total of MLP + bargain purchase option, if applicable, + guaranteed and unguaranteed residual values by non-related parties, if applicable Present value of Lease Receivable = net investment in lease Unearned finance income = gross investment minus net investment = finance income to be earned over lease term 21 Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor

Other measurement issues – initial direct costs of manufacturer/dealer: deduct as expense in period sale is recognized – initial direct costs of financial intermediary: add to carrying amount of asset and use lower interest rate to recognize finance income – for manufacturer/dealer with unguaranteed residual amount: reduce Sales and Cost of Sales by PV of unguaranteed residual – no other changes – review residual values regularly 22 Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor

Disclosures by lessors for finance leases – gross investment in lease, PV of MLP due within 1 year, years 2 to 5, and after year 5 from B/S date – reconciliation between gross investment and PV of MLP at B/S date – unearned finance income, unguaranteed residual values, allowance for uncollectible MLP receivable – contingent rent income – information about material leasing arrangements 23 Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor

Accounting for operating leases: – Leased assets remain on B/S – Recognize lease income on straight-line basis over lease term – Add initial direct costs to leased asset and depreciate over lease term on same basis as lease income is recognized – Depreciation and impairment covered by IAS 16, 38 and Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor

Disclosures for operating leases: – Total MLP due within 1 year, between years 2 and 5, and beyond year 5 – Contingent rental income recognized – Description of leasing arrangements 25 Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Recognition and Measurement by the Lessor

Entity owns asset Sells it and leases it back Decision by seller-lessee: finance lease or operating lease? Sale and leaseback are interdependent transactions 26 Manufacturer/dealer lessors IAS 17 – Sale and Leaseback Transactions

Leaseback is a finance lease – Gain on sale is deferred – Amortized to income over term of lease 27

IAS 17 – Sale and Leaseback Transactions Leaseback is an operating lease – Sale made at FV - recognize gain or loss in current income – Sale < FV and lease payments are at FV – recognize loss in current income – Sale < FV and lease payments are lower to compensate – defer loss & amortize on same basis as lease payments – Sale > FV excess over FV is deferred and amortized over period of expected use – If FV < carrying amount, impairment; recognize loss currently 28

Current GAAP Comparisons Pages 21 to 23 of 49 of onal/IFRS_US_GAAP_vs_IFRS/$file/US_GA AP_vs_IFRS.pdf onal/IFRS_US_GAAP_vs_IFRS/$file/US_GA AP_vs_IFRS.pdf Pages 124 to 127 of 164 of oU.S.GAAPAnOverview(2008).pdf oU.S.GAAPAnOverview(2008).pdf 29

IFRS Financial Statement Disclosures The Nestlé Group 956E-0F259448CB90 Accounting policy for leased assetsPage 21 of 118 Note 11, PP&E notePage 37 of 118 Note 28, lease commitmentsPage 73 of

Looking Ahead No short-term changes expected IASB & FASB have longer-term joint project IASB tentative decision – move away from risks and rewards of ownership criterion Replace with defining assets as “right to use the leased asset” and obligation to make payments as a liability 31

Looking Ahead Effect – all non-cancellable lease agreements may be recognized as assets and liabilities, including what are now operating leases Approach affected by current project on conceptual framework Exposure draft expected 2010 New lease standard expected

End-of-Chapter Practice 24-1 Lessee Corp. entered into a non-cancellable agreement with Lessor Corp. on May 15, 2008 to lease equipment manufactured by Lessor according to Lessee’s specifications. If Lessee had purchased the equipment outright from Lessor, it would have cost Lessee $100, although Lessor’s cost was only $80. The following information is available: Lease term May 15, 2008 – May 14, 2012 Economic life of equipment 6 years Annual rental payment $25.8 1st payment due May 15, 2008 Estimated residual value, unguaranteed $13 Interest rate implied in lease 10% Title transfer in lease? No n = 4, i = 10: PV factor, lump sum PV factor, annuity due Lessee and Lessor Corp. year ends December 31 33

End-of-Chapter Practice 24-1 Instructions (round all amounts to one decimal place) a) Discuss the nature of this lease to Lessee Corp. b) Discuss the nature of this lease to Lessor Corp. c) Prepare Lessee Corp.’s entries for 2008 and 2009 assuming the lease is classified as: ( i) a finance lease (ii) an operating lease d) Prepare Lessor Corp.’s entries for 2008 and 2009 assuming the lease is classified as: ( i) a finance lease (ii) an operating lease e) Explain how your answers to parts (a) and (b) above would change, if at all, if the following additional features were added to this lease agreement. Assume each feature is an independent case. In addition, explain how any entries in parts (c) and (d) would differ, if at all, from those prepared above. ( i) the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is 12% (ii) the residual value is guaranteed by Lessee Corp. (iii) the residual value is guaranteed by a third party not related to Lessee Corp. (iv) the agreement contains an option permitting Lessee Corp. to purchase the leased asset on May 14, 2012 for $4 (v) the equipment is so specialized to Lessee Corp.’s needs that Lessor Corp.’s only option at the end of the lease term is to sell off the component parts for the estimated residual value 34

End-of-Chapter Practice 24-2 Prepare a decision chart or diagram to accompany IAS 17 that can be used by seller- lessees to determine the correct accounting for gains and losses on disposal of an asset that is sold and leased back. Write a brief explanation of why the standard provides a reasonable treatment in each situation. 35

End-of-Chapter Practice 24-3 Jamal Corp. enters into a four-year operating lease for the rental of two floors of a new building, and makes a payment of $2 in advance to hold the space. The monthly rental is $10 and Jamal qualifies for a special promotion, getting the last four months of the lease rent-free. Instructions a) Determine the rent expense to be recognized each year of the four-year lease. b) Prepare the journal entries to record the $2 payment, the $10 rental payment for months 1 and 2 of the lease, and any entries required in each of months 45, 46, 47 and 48. Round the monthly rent expense to one decimal place. 36

End-of-Chapter Practice 24-4 On June 30, 2008 Lor Ltd., a lessor, enters into a six-year non-cancellable finance lease that requires annual rental payments of $100 beginning June 30, In addition, the lessee is required to make payments in advance of $12 each year to Lor Ltd. to cover a maintenance agreement on the equipment. The equipment has an estimated residual value of $40 at the end of the lease term. Lor Ltd. is a dealer that ordinarily sells this equipment inventory which cost $450, for $ Lor Ltd. expects to earn an 8% return on any delayed payment terms. Instructions a) Assuming the lessee has guaranteed the residual value, prepare Lor Ltd.’s entries on June 30, 2008, December 31, 2008 (its year end) and June 30, Identify the lessor’s gross investment in the lease and the net investment in the lease on December 31, 2008, and the profit or loss reported on the lease arrangement for the year that just ended. b) Assuming the residual value is not guaranteed, prepare Lor Ltd.’s entries on June 30, 2008, December 31, 2008 (its year end) and June 30, Identify the lessor’s gross investment in the lease and the net investment in the lease on December 31, 2008 and the profit or loss reported on the lease arrangement for the year that just ended. Comment on your results in this part compared with your results in part (a). c) Explain briefly how initial direct costs of negotiating the lease of $10 would be accounted for on June 30, 2008 and how this would affect any subsequent entries. You are not required to make any calculations. 37

End-of-Chapter Practice 24-5 In this chapter, flag icons identify areas where there are GAAP differences between IFRS requirements and national standards. Instructions Access the website(s) identified on the inside back cover of this book, and prepare a concise summary of the differences that are flagged throughout the chapter material. 38

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