Fall of the Ottoman Empire and Conflict in SW Asia

United States Constitution How many branches are there in the U.S. government? How long is the president’s term? Name two houses of Congress. Term for dividing power between national and state governments. First word in the Constitution. What is our national court called? The Constitution is a set of __? What group elects the president?

Standard SS7G8 The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia leading into the 21st Century.

Elements Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connection to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism and Zionism in Europe.

Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East. Explain U.S. presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict and invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Elements

Warm Up & Review What is a theocracy? Explain the idea of toleration? Why is owing money bad? List two things that happened in World War I. What is the difference between an ethnic group and a religious group? What are the two divisions of Islam?

Muslim Empires Leader – Caliph Theocracy Duty to spread Allah’s rule United Middle East under one government Created extensive trading system Theocracy Government by a religious leader Iran is a theocracy today.

Ottoman Empire’s Lands

Ottoman Empire Turkey, North Africa, Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe. Capital City – Constantinople Leaders – Sultans Tolerant of other religions Legal system – justice Powerful, stable, wealthy empire

Reasons for the Decline of Ottoman Empire Weakened by too many wars Land lost to national groups and Europeans Ottomans’ technology begin to fall behind Europe Financial issues – tax collections – high debt On losing side in World War I

Ottoman Empire & WWI What’s left of the Ottoman Empire enters WWI (1914-1918) on Austrian-Hungarian Empire & Germany’s side (Central Powers) motive was to regain some of the land they lost. In 1916, France and England agreed on how to divide up the Ottoman Empire if their side (Allied Powers) won the war: known as Sykes-Picot Agreement.

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

Map of Lost Ottoman Land

Results of WWI & Partitioning When the Ottomans and the rest of the Central Powers lost… The Sultanate (1922) and the Caliphate (1924) ended Republic of Turkey was created out of the Ottoman Empire 1923 All other land that was under the control of the Ottoman’s was given to France and UK as a mandate British and French partitioned (divided) the Middle East into countries; THIS CREATES ARTIFICIAL POLITICAL BORDERS DID NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE NATURAL DIVISIONS IN THE REGION – BLENDED GROUPS

Collapse of Ottoman Empire 1924 Created lack of central authority European nations step in to establish order Set boundaries which exist today. Boundaries did not reflect ethic or natural divisions Blended different groups Source of future conflict in region and in Europe

Middle East - 1924

Assessment European World War I Islam Theocracy Constaninople Sultan Capital of Ottoman Empire War which ended the Ottoman Empire Religion of most people in Ottoman Empire Rule by religious people Name for Ottoman rulers Nations which established order after Ottoman Empire European World War I Islam Theocracy Constaninople Sultan

Israel Becomes a State -1948 After winning World War II, Allied leaders desire state for Jews. Zionists – support state for European Jews Holocaust – Six million Jewish folks killed in Europe because of Anti-Semitism. European leaders decide to give Jews their traditional homeland in Palestine.

Israel United States gives immediate support & recognition to the new Jewish state. Palestinian Arabs who lived in the area were opposed to the new state.

Suez Crisis - 1956 Egypt takes over the Suez Canal to raise money for a dam on the Nile River. Israel invades Egypt with British and U.S. support. Egypt sinks 40 ships in Suez Canal. United Nations resolves conflict.

Six Day War - 1967 Arab nations move troops to the border of Israel. Israel strikes quickly with U.S. weapons. Israel captures… Sinai from Egypt West Bank from Jordan Golan Heights from Syria

Arab Israeli War 1973 Cause: Revenge for loss of land in 1967. Arab nations mass forces on borders of Israel. Israel defeats all attacks Result: Arabs (OPEC) embargo oil to U.S and Europe.

Camp David Accords 1978 President Carter brings leaders of Israel and Egypt to Washington D.C. where peace accord is signed. President Sadat is assassinated soon after in Egypt.

Iran Hostage Crisis 1979 Cause – Shah of Iran is helped by U.S. (which is ally). Effect – Iran militants seize U.S. Embassy and take 52 American hostages Released after U.S. election of Reagan

Iran–Iraq War 1980 to 1988 Iraq attacks Iran Iraq desires to be #1 power in Persian Gulf Religious differences World War I tactics 500,000 dead No change in borders

Persian Gulf War - 1990 Cause – Iraq invades Kuwait to gain control of oil fields Saddam Hussein – dictator in Iraq Coalition invades but does not remove Hussein from office. Oil fields set on fire. U.S. victory in 100 hours.

Iraq 2003 - 2011 President Bush Weapons of mass destruction Terrorism Saddam Hussein - harsh dictator is captured. 4,476 American soldiers lost lives. 50,000 U.S. soldiers remain to train Iraq security people

Afghanistan 100,000 U.S. soldiers U.S. and Europeans are at war with terrorism, not the Afghan people. Operation Enduring Freedom 1787 Americans lost Captured and killed bin Laden

Assessment Egypt Iraq Iran Palestine Israel United States Afghanistan Lost 1967 and 1973 Wars Defended Kuwait in Gulf War Created in 1948 Nation led by Saddam Hussein, invaded by U.S. Where 100,000 U.S. soldiers are defending freedom Theocracy; fought with Iraq in 1980’s. U.S. ally in Iraq and Afghanistan Area in and around Israel Egypt Iraq Iran Palestine Israel United States Afghanistan Great Britain