 Based on whether or not shapes and volumes of a material are variable

Will everything just be a gas?

 99.9% of all matter in the universe is not a solid, a liquid, or a gas… › Its PLASMA  Plasma › Ionized gas › Gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons

1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

4. Neon lights

5. Stars Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C) Will everything just be a frozen solid?

Not Necessarily! In 1924 (86 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5 th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. EinsteinBose +

The 5 th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate Finally, in 1995 (only 18 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5 th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his students

To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know Quantum Physics

The five states of matter: LIQUIDS SOLIDS GASES Higher Temperature Lower Temperature PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases) BOSE- EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

 REMEMBER › Kinetic energy is the energy of motion › The faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy  Kinetic Theory of Matter › All particles of matter are in constant motion

 Fun Fact: The average speed of particles in a gas is 1600 km/h  All particles travel in a straight line until they collide with another particle

 There are forces of attraction among the particles in all matter  If the particles are far apart and moving fast (like in a gas) the attractive forces are too weak to affect other particles

1. Particles in a gas are in constant, random motion 2. The motion of one particle is unaffected by the motion of other particles 3. Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be ignored under ordinary circumstances

 Particles can flow to new locations  Have constant volume because forces of attraction keep the particles close together

 Definite volume & shape  Particles vibrate back and forth around fixed locations  Strong forces of attraction between particles

 Phase Change › A reversible physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one state of matter to another  The temperature of a substance does NOT change during a phase change › What does temperature measure?  Energy is either absorbed or released during a phase change

Endothermic Exothermic  A system absorbs energy from its surroundings  When ice melts, 334 J of energy must be absorbed  System releases energy to its surroundings  When water freezes, 334 J of energy must be released

Socrative Activity

 The result of a force distributed over an area  When gases collide with the sides of their container they create pressure

 Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container cause pressure in a closed container of gas  More particles leads to more frequent collisions between particles, which in turn causes greater pressure

 1. Temperature  2. Volume  3. Number of Particles  Gas Laws Interactive Gas Laws Interactive

 Summarize your findings from the interactive

 Explain why this happens in the journal section of your notebook.