LEISURE, SPORT AND TOURISM

This Unit Looks at Differences between ‘leisure’ and ‘tourism’ International tourism – changes International sport Leisure at various scales National/ regional sport Tourism at the local scale Sport and recreation hierarchy Sustainable tourism

What are the differences between Leisure, recreation, tourism and sport. Discuss the influence of accessibility, changes in technology and affluence upon the growth of these activities.

Definitions Carrying capacity Lesiure Tourism Sport Recreation Resort Leakage Primary/ Secondary tourist resources Ecotourism Sustainable tourism

- the maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfy at one time. Machu Picchu

- the maximum number before the local environment becomes damaged.

- the maximum number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact, such as noise, to be excesssive.

- any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time.

- Travel away from home for at least a one night for the purpose of leisure.

- A physical activity involving events and competitions at the national and international scale with professional participants.

- a leisure-time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment.

- A settlement where the primary function is tourism.

- refers to the money that “escapes” from a tourist destination and makes its way to other countries via airline companies, hotel companies, TNCs, food importers etc.

- the pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is, those not built specifically for the purpose.

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- Tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihoods and culture of local people.

Why do people travel?

What has changed? Airplane – ease of access (time-space convergence) Advertising/ internet Mass companies More affluence – middle classes Paid holiday time Political stability Infrastructure improvements in LEDCs Fear today tourism has slowed down? Why? million international tourist arrivals worldwide, with a growth of 4.6% as compared to 940 million in 2010

‘We are increasingly mobile in the 21st century, making more and more trips. Our lives are defined by these trips. Tourism in its many different guises is central to our experience as human beings - you can’t get away from it. The Olympics, climate change, poverty alleviation, sustainable development, place promotion and investment – all the hot topics relate to tourism in one way or another. You simply can’t understand the world today without understanding tourism.’

mobility affluence advertising media coverage of exotic tourist destinations mass tourism by TNCs reduction in cost improvements to facilities and infrastructure for tourists

Types of tours Group tours Packaged tour Independent tour

Where are the most popular tourist destinations? The World Tourism rankings are compiled by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as part of their World Tourism Barometer publication, which is released three times throughout the year United Nations World Tourism Organization

Most popular in 2011 RankCountry UNWTO Region International tourist arrivals (2011) [2] [2] International tourist arrivals (2010) [2] [2] Change (2010 to 2011) 1 France Europe79.5 million77.1 million+3.0% 2 United States North America62.3 million59.8 million+4.2% 3 China Asia57.6 million55.7 million+3.4% 4 Spain Europe56.7 million52.7 million+7.6% 5 Italy Europe46.1 million43.6 million+5.7% 6 Turkey Asia/Europe29.3 million27.0 million+8.7% 7 United Kingdom Europe29.2 million28.3 million+3.2% 8 Germany Europe28.4 million26.9 million+5.5% 9 Malaysia Asia24.7 million24.6 million+0.6% 10 Mexico Latin America23.4 million23.3 million+0.5% Note: see the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer for the full rankings. [2] [2] LEDC’S??

RankCountry UNWTO Region International tourism expenditure (2011) [2] [2] 1 Germany Europe$84.3 billion 2 United States North America$79.1 billion 3 China Asia$72.6 billion 4 United Kingdom Europe$50.6 billion 5 France Europe$41.7 billion 6 Canada North America$33.0 billion 7 Russia Europe$32.5 billion 8 Italy Europe$28.7 billion 9 Japan Asia$27.2 billion 10 Australia Oceania$26.9 billion The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the top tenWorld Tourism Organization biggest spenders on international tourism for the year Question block 9A page 368

Butler’s Model

The Butler Model is a model of tourism that represents tourism as the life cycle of a resort. It depicts tourism as exploitation of a resource. There are 5 stages and from the 5th stage it either continues rising of falls into a decline. - Exploration - New land is discovered by a few people, not many people there yet - Involvement - More people arrive and try to get involved to help develop this new destination - Development - This is when a lot of people are trying to build this new destination, at this point the destination is well habited - Consolidation - Tourists start to pour into the country to get first impressions about it - Stagnation - Large numbers of tourists enter the country in this part of the model, the Butler model has reached its first peak Then once it finishes, the model can either go through - Decline - People have found out that there is a lot of instability and are trying to leave the country before they are really badly affected by the decline - Rejuvenation - This is when measures are taken by the government and the local people to try and reduce the chances of a decline actually happening, if the measures are successful then the country will continue rising up the Butler model (this is the second peak)

Discovery Growth Success Problems ! Decline New growth

Discovery 1.The place gets very few tourists. 2.Someone discovers it, and tells a few other friends how good it is. 3.They start to go to the place as well. 4.Services: shops, cafes, hotels etc. start to open up because people are staying there in enough numbers for local people to earn money. 5.Some local people stop what they were doing before.

Growth 1.More people find out about the place. 2.It starts to get mentioned in articles, brochures and tourist guides. 3.This means that even more people visit. 4.More shops and hotels open. 5.The roads to the resort get busier.

Success 1.Everyone now knows about the resort. 2.People move to the resort in search of work. 3.During the tourist season, the place is full of people, and hotels are full. 4.Local people are now mostly employed in tourism rather than the jobs they used to have. 5.Some local people will begin to feel that the tourists are starting to be in ‘control’. 6.Traffic problems start to occur on busy days, with car parks filling up early in the day.

Problems ! 1.The place gets so popular that some people stop going there. They will say “it’s too busy” or “it’s not what it used to be like…” 2.Local people will complain that they are being ignored and that tourists get priority. 3.People start going to other places. 4.Some of the shops and hotels close down. 5.Some people stay away because it is so busy, and look for somewhere ‘quieter’ or ‘prettier’ or ‘more like the real….’

2 possibilities from here: a) Decline b) New growth

a) Decline 1.The place starts to get run down. 2.Shops shut down, and charity shops move in. 3.Out of season, many hotels start to be used to house homeless people and people on benefits as a way of making a bit of money. 4.The place begins to get a ‘reputation’…. 5.People stay away

b) New growth 1.New money starts to come into the resort. 2.Some of the older hotels are regenerated and attract new shops to the area. 3.Cafes reopen on the High Street 4.People start to return to the resort out of season. 5.There is a new ‘buzz’ about the place. 6.Jobs start to be created. 7.A whole new crowd of visitors starts to come regularly to the resort. 8.Newspapers start to write articles about the place again.

Shows how the positive attitudes that may exist between tourists and local residents can change and become more negative as the threshold of the carrying capacity is reached.

What can limit an area’s tourism carrying capacity? Question Block 9B page 370