University of Oxford Department for Continuing Education From Civilisation To Barbarism? Western Britain in the Early Middle Ages Tutor: Dr Kirsten Jarrett

When and where was the text written? How long after the events described? Who wrote the text? Did the writer have direct experience? Why did the author write the text? Who was the intended audience? In what form was the record made? Are there changes between the original source and later copies? Appraisal of written sources: key questions

Range of Written Sources Civil and Military Surveys and Registers Legal Texts Poetry and panegyrics Polemics: criticisms and disputes Religious texts – e.g. defixiones, Bibles Epistolae: ‘letters’ ‘Ethnic’ histories and Geographies Annales, Chronicae and Historiae – narrative ‘histories’ Hagiographies / Vitae: Saints’ ‘Lives’ Memoriae: primarily stone inscriptions

Notitia Dignitatum Occidents AD (revisions <AD 425) Records bureaucratic and military offices in the western Roman Empire Chronica Gallica CCCCLII (AD 452) DXI (AD 511) (M onastic, Southern Gaul? C9 – 10 MS) Records Saxon incursions (AD 410?) and conquest (c. AD 441?) Continental Written Sources: C5

Vita Germanus, Constantius of Lyons, c. AD 480 Records visits of Germanus (Bishop of Auxerre) to Britain to contest heresy, AD 429 and late 430s – early 440s First visit: Germanus support s British troops against Picts and Saxons. Mentions “man of tribunician power” Second visit: mentions regional leader Epistola, Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius, AD 460’s/70’s (senatorial family - City prefect, Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand) Letters mention King Riothamus of Britanni – Britons or Bretons

Continental Written Sources: C6 Zosimus : Historia Nova (New History), early C6 (civil servant) ‘Gallic revolution influenced by Britons’ (draws upon now lost work of Olympiodorus, published c. 425) Mentions Honorian Rescript Gregory of Tours, History of the Franks, C 6 References to usurper Constantine III and Constans

Procopius, mid C6 (civil servant) Historia Arcana (Secret History) British ‘barbarians’ given diplomatic payments by Justinian De Bello Gothico (Gothic Wars) ‘Tyrants’ in Brettania (Britanny?) and Brittia (Britain) Belesarius gives Britain to Goths in exchange for Sicily Jordanes: Getia (Gothic History), AD 550 Summarises Cassiodorus’ lost History

Isidorus Hispalensis, Etymologiae AD 620 IX, 2, 102: Legendary origins of Britons C7 Written Sources: Continental, Irish and Anglo-Saxon Laws of Ine: Wessex, late C7 - early C8

‘British’ Written Sources Patrick: C5 - NW Britain? Epistola : letter to soldiers of (N?) British ‘tyrant’ Coroticus Confessio: ‘autobiography’ Gildas: De Excidio Britannae, c. AD (540?) Epistola: pseudo-historical preface complaints to kings and clergy (Admonitiuncula) Fragmenta: fragments of letters (from Gildas?) Poenitentia: penetential – ecclesiastical ‘rules’

Later Sources: Western Britain Annales Cambriae: C8-12 (first compiled AD 954?) - containing entries from AD 613 onwards? Liber Landavensis: ‘Llandaff Charters’ – C8-12, possibly incorporating some earlier sections (contains references to mid C5)

Literary sources: ‘Praise poetry’ and mythologies [Week 6] Legendary ‘biographies’ and Hagiographies: saints’ ‘lives’ - most C9-11+ (e.g. Gildas: monastery Rhuys, Brittany, C9+ & Caradoc Llancarfan, C12) Royal genealogies: Wales C9+? May claim descent from Adam, Jesus, or Roman emperors. Generational ‘telescoping’

Historia Ecclesiatica Gentis AnglorumBede: AD 731, Mentions Angles, Saxons, Jutes – C8 interpretation Historia Brittonum, ‘Nennius’: AD 829 / 30 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: late C9, Wessex Sanas Chormaic: ‘Cormac’s Glossary’ – Cormac mac Cuilennáin, d Refers to possible sites in Western Britain – C5-9 events? Entirely mythological? Anglo-Saxon England and Ireland

1. What problems might we encounter when using textual evidence to study the Early Middle ages? 2. What social status might the authors have held; for whom may they written these texts; and why might they have been written? 3. What does the written evidence say about literacy and language? 4. What cultural changes and continuities from the Roman period might be detected from the texts of Gildas and Patrick? 5. Should we give precedence to historical evidence over the archaeology? How might we use different historical sources together? Group Exercise Critical Assessment of texts p. 20 Course Booklet: Handouts (Week 5A & B) & DEB

Inscribed Stones Nearly 500 inscribed stones in Western Britain c. 250 dating to before c. AD 700 Inscribed stones (black dot), with Irish names (red dot) and ogham (blue dot), with more possible early examples (black outline)

Some use of prehistoric monoliths / ‘menhirs’? (Though different size / shape) But, examples associated with prehistoric (& later) barrows Variable degrees of ‘working’ – commonly rough pillars Yealmpton, Devon ←Early medieval Inscribed stones Often relocation to later churches

Early post-Roman Inscribed Stones Late C4 – C7+ (consensus = late C5-7) not necessarily ‘Christian monuments’ Possible Gallic, Mediterranean and Roman (via Ireland) influence? Bilingual inscriptions: ogham and Latin Boundary markers and grave memorials: lineage, land-ownership and status Religious, ‘professional’ and cultural identity ‘PRESBYTER’, ‘EPISCOPUS’, ‘MAGISTER’, leadership

‘Of A of the son of B’ FILI / FILIA (son / daughter of) – X son of Y NOMINE (in the name of) – C6 Gaulish or Mediterranean influence FECIT (made) HIC IACIT (here lies) – after mid-late C5 (?), Gaulish (?) IN HOC TUMULO / CONGERIES (within a tomb / stones) MEMORIA / BONEMEMORI (in memory of / of good memory) – Gaulish influence (?) Common Latin formulae

Dating inscriptions IN TE[M]PO[RE] IVSTI[NI] CON[SVLIS] …in the time of Justinus the Consul [?], c. AD540 [ ?] Penmachno, Caernarfon CATAMANUS REX SAPIENTISSIMUS OPINATISSIMUS OMNIUM REGUM Catamanus wisest and most renowned of all kings Cadfan, ruler of Gwynedd, d. c AD 625: [?] Llangadwaladr, Anglesey

‘Angle-bar A’: c. AD 500+ (?) Gaulish influence (?) Late C5 + Demetia Linguistic changes

←Tomen-y-mur, Trawsfynydd Early examples

Names and titles MEMORIA VOTEPORIGIS PROTICTORIS Voteporis the protector [ ‘Vortipor’?] Castell Dwyran, Abernant, Carmarthen ↖ *rix / rig - ‘king’ *tigernac- `land-owning, lordly’ CATACUS HIC IACIT FILIVS TEGERNACVS Tir Gwenlli, Brecon / Brycheiniog ↑ TIGERNACI DOBAGNI ←Lllangwarren, Pemb.

BONEMIMORI [F]ILLI TRIBVNI In loving memory of the son of Tribunus Rialton, Corn. PRINCIPI FILIV[S] AVDETI Principius the son of Audentius Sourton, Devon

Religious identity Penmachno St Endellion, Corn.

AVITORIA FILIA CVNIGNI Avitoria daughter of Cunignus ← Eglwys Gymyn, Carnarfonshire Gender and relationships --]ORIA Penmachno ↑ CONSOBRINO Cousin → VIR QONFAL FILIVS VENNORCIT (My) husband Qonfal son of Vennorcit Madron, Corn. →

Changing Inscriptions PATERN[--] COLI AVI FICIT ARTOGNOU COL[I] FICIT Artognou, father of a descendant of Coll has had this made / Artognou descendant of Patern[us] Colus made (this). Colus made (this) Tintagel

Irish names CVNORIX MACVS MAQVI COLINE Cunorix son of Maqui Coline Wroxeter Nanscow, St Breock, Corn. VLCAGNI FILI SEVERI Ulcagnus son of Severus Primitive Irish MAQI (son of)

Distribution of Ogham Stones Inscribed stones (black dot), with Irish names (red dot) and ogham (blue dot), with more possible early examples (black outline)

Lewannick, Corn. Ogham

Booklet p ←The lines that extend beyond the outline of the Stone represent the ogham strokes on the back of the stone

Group exercise

Inscriptions Exercise Key StoneTRANSCRIPTIONTranslation A.[HI]C IACET ULCAGNIHere lies Ulcagni B.FANONI MAQVIRINI[The stone] of Fanonus, son of Rinus C. RIALOBRANI CVNOVALI FILI [The stone] of Rialobranus, son of Cunovalus D. HIC PACE [--] REQVIEVIT CVNATDO HIC [IN] TVMVLO IACIT VIXIT ANNOS XXXIII Here in peace has rested Cunatdo. Here he lies in the tomb. He lived for 33 years OR: Here in peace lately went to rest Cunaide. Here in the grave she lies. She lived 33 years E.LATINI[Of Latinus here lies, the son of Macari