Africa – Economics and Government Mr. Napier and Mr. Newhall

Geography Review Nigeria Ghana Kenya South Africa Egypt Southern Sudan Congo Ethiopia Sudan Somalia

Sub-Saharan Africa Standards Describe the location of major features and their impact. Describe the major climates of Africa and how these have impacted development. Describe the pattern of population distribution in the countries in relation to urbanization and modernization. Explain how Sub-Saharan Africa’s physical features have had an impact on the distribution of population. Analyze how the migration of people such as the bantu and Zulu has had an impact on the economic, cultural and political aspects of Sub-Saharan Africa.

GPS – Economic Standards Compare how traditional, command and market economies answer the economic questions of (1) what to produce (2) how to produce, and (3) for whom to produce. Explain how most countries have a mixed economy located on a continuum between pure market and pure command. Compare and contrast the economic systems in South Africa and Nigeria.

GPS Standards Describe the ways government systems distribute power: unitary, confederation, and federal. Explain how governments determine citizen participation: autocratic, oligarchic and democratic. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments: parliamentary and presidential.

565-568 Questions 2-4

Economic Continuum Command Market | | | | | | • • More freedom South Africa Hong Kong U.S. Command Kenya Market | | | | | | • • Zimbabwe Nigeria More freedom More control

Economic Systems Market - decisions based on prices and supply and demand. Command – government makes the decisions. Mixed – combination of market and command. Traditional – Barter and roles determined by parents. What nations have economies closest to command? In a market economy, what happens when prices go up? List three roles the government plays in the U.S. economy. What is an advantage of a command economy?

Democratic Governments Parliamentary Prime Minister Legislature elects executive No separation of powers U.K., Australia, Israel Parliament Presidential President/Congress Legislature is separate branch. President elected by people. Separation of powers United States, South Africa

Autocracy – one ruler – North Korea Unitary – central government makes all decisions. Federal - compromise between local and national governments. Confederation – central government is weak. Local governments most important. Autocracy – one ruler – North Korea Oligarchy – small group rules – Apartheid South Africa Democracy – people own government and vote – Presidents and Parliaments Dictatorship – one ruler takes power - Hitler Monarchy – rule passed down in family – Queens and Kings Theocracy – rule by religious group – Priests and Imams

Governments The compromise between unitary and confederation? The executive in a parliamentary government? Rule by a small group of people? When local governments have more power? Having one ruler? When son or daughter follows a parent as ruler? Elects executive in presidential system? “We the people…” One person takes over government? No local governments? Federal Prime Minister Oligarchy Confederation Autocracy Monarchy People Democracy Dictatorship Unitary

Warm Up – Work in Pairs Why are most countries “mixed” economic systems? What are the advantages to a market economy? Why are not more nations “command” economies? How does a parliamentary system of government differ from a presidential system? What is the “best” economic system? Why?

Trade Barriers Tariff Quota Embargo Foreign Trade Review Explain how specialization encourages trade between countries. Compare and contrast different types of trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and embargos Trade Barriers Tariff tax on imports Quota limit number of imports Embargo no trade with a nation OPEC Specialization – products a country makes best and at the lowest cost. Specialization allows a country to trade for products it cannot produce. Example – Nigeria produces oil and trades with U.S. for technology.

Currency Exchange Every country has a unique currency. Each currency has a different value. To trade or travel, currency must be exchanged. South Africa – Rand worth $0.12 in Dollars. Nigeria – Naira worth $0.006 in Dollars. (150 for each dollar)

Assessment 1. What type of government has one ruler? 6. Punishing another country by not allowing trade with them is called? A. Democracy B. Autocracy C. Market D. Oligarchy A. Tariff B. Embargo C. Quota 2. What type of economy has the most freedom? 7. What is the term for when the people own the government and vote? A. Democracy B. Command A. Democracy B. Market C. Dictatorship D. Market C. Monarchy D. Parliament A government with a weak national government is called? 3. Which of the following is NOT a trade barrier? A. Embargo B. Quota A. Democracy B. Unitary C. Confederation D. Currency C. Market D. Tariff 9. What is a government by a small group of people? 4. The leader of a parliamentary government is called a A. Democracy B. Oligarchy A. Prime minister B. President C. Dictator D. Senator C. Autocracy D. Market 5. Most economic systems are 10. What is the name for a religious group ruling a country? A. Command B. Mixed A. Command B. Market C. Oligarchy D. Market C. Theocracy D. Tariff

Type of economy - Mixed South Africa Nigeria Technologically advanced More economic freedom Strong, advanced economy like those in Europe High standard of living but whites are much better off in South Africa Nigeria Poorly organized Corruption More government control Major oil industry Civil Wars Many ethnic groups

Goods Produced South Africa Oil - OPEC Petrochemicals Must import food Mining – platinum, diamonds, gold Automobile assembly Machinery Textiles Iron and steel Chemicals Fertilizer Oil - OPEC Petrochemicals Must import food

Comparing Economic Systems of South Africa and Nigeria Both are mixed economies Both have poverty Both have natural resources Both have many people Nigeria population is 167,000,000 South Africa’s population is 50,000,000 people – about 40,000,000 are black. Less than 10% are white.

Economic Continuum Command Market | | | | | | • • Zimbabwe 26 South Africa Hong Kong U.S. Command Kenya Market | | | | | | • • Zimbabwe Nigeria More freedom More control Zimbabwe 26 Nigeria 57 Kenya 58 South Africa 63 United States 76 http://www.heritage.org/index

Thinking About Nigeria and South Africa Graded Assignment If Nigeria has so much oil, why are their people so poor? How has the history of South Africa resulted in an unequal distribution of wealth? Why is population growth a big problem in Africa? If 70% of Nigerians are farmers, why does Nigeria import food? What does it mean when we say that South Africa has a European economy?

Economic Numbers South Africa Nigeria $10,700 Labor Force $2,000 GDP per person $10,700 Labor Force Farming 9% Industry 26% Services 65% Unemployment 25% Population below poverty line 50% Nigeria GDP per person $2,000 Labor Force Farming 70% Industry 10% Services 20% Unemployment 5% Population below poverty line 70%

Type of Government Republic of Kenya - Republic with one house legislature called National Assembly Republic of South Africa – Republic with a two house National Assembly Republic of Sudan – A government of national unity was formed with a National legislature. The government is dominated by the National Congress Party.

Head of State Kenya – President leads the Kenyan African National Union (KANU) political party. Mwai Kibaki elected in 2007. (disputed) South Africa – President elected by National Assembly. Jacob Zuma elected in 2009 (ANC) Sudan – President and Head of State leads National Congress Party - Omar al Bashir is military dictator

Who can vote! Kenya – All citizens 18 years or older. South Africa – All citizens 18 years of older. Sudan – All citizens 17 years or older. Independence Date Kenya – 1963 from Great Britain South Africa – 1910 from Great Britain but majority rule started in 1994. Sudan – 1956 from Egypt and Great Britain

Personal Freedoms Kenya – Freedoms are written into the Constitution. President dominates government. Citizen rights are improving. South Africa - Personal freedoms are numerous. Literacy rates are high. Apartheid is history. Sudan – Few freedoms unless a member of the National Congress Party. Most positions are appointed. Elections are being planned?

Review of Governments Answer Kenya, South Africa or Sudan. Most personal freedoms? Least personal freedoms? Citizens vote at age of 18? (2) Two house National Assembly? Dominated by KANU Party? A true “republic”? Most leaders appointed? Became independent in 1963?