Protozoa Phyla

List of Phyla Amoeba-like organisms (e.g., Amoeba) Phylum Euglenozoa Subphylum Euglenida (e.g., Euglena) Subphylum Kinetoplasta (e.g., Trypanosoma) Phylum Chlorophyta (e.g., Volvox) Phylum Apicomplexa (e.g., Plasmodium) Phylum Ciliophora (e.g., Paramecium)

General Characteristics Single-celled or unicellular organisms; some live in colonies; Size = microscopic (3 to 1,000 microns). No germ layers, tissues, or organs; However, specialized intracellular "organelles" are present

General Characteristics Locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. Symmetry = all types (bilateral, radial, spherical, or asymmetrical) Free living, commensal, parasitic, or mutualistic Mostly naked, but few have simple protective exoskeletons (tests). Ex. = Arcella

General Characteristics Nutrition = autotrophic (holophytic), saprozoic, saprophytic, or holozoic. Reproduction: asexual = longitudinal and transverse binary fission, budding, Sexual = sporogony, and autogamy

Amoeba-like organisms

Amoeba-like organisms Organisms move by pseudopodia, flagella, or a combination Monomorphic nuclei Genera Amoeba- without a test, naked Arcella- with a calcareous test

Figure 11.10

Amoeba Pseudopod Food Vacuole Contractile Vacuole Nucleus Phagocytosis Hyaline Cap

Figure 11.05 Amoeba hunting food

Arcella Side View Test Pseudopod

Arcella Nucleus Top View

Phylum Euglenozoa Organisms move by one or two flagella Monomorphic nuclei Capable of photosynthesis; chloroplasts usually present

Subphylum Euglenida Plant like organisms Solitary Can photosynthesize

Euglena

Euglena Chloroplasts Contractile Vacuole Flagellum not visible Stigma

Subphylum Kinetoplasta Organisms are only heterotrophic No chloroplasts present all parasitic Red Blood Cells Trypanosoma smear – cause of sleeping sickness Organism

Trypanasoma Trypanosoma organism Red Blood Cells

Phylum Chlorophyta Flagellated single or colonial organisms Are autotrophic Have chloroplasts with chlorophyll Genetically different from Euglenozoa

Volvox life cycle Figure 11.20

Volvox Zygote Egg Mother Colony

Daughter Colonies Mother Colony Nuclei of individual cells

Phylum Apicomplexa organisms do not have locomotor structures; all species are parasitic asexual reproduction involves schizogony Plasmodium smear – cause of Malaria

Final Host Plasmodium – agent For malaria Vector

Ring stage merozoite trophozoite Red blood cell Trophozooite

Ring stage in red blood cell Ring stage – Early Trophozoite

Merozoites in the Schizont Schizont with merozoites in red blood cell Red blood cell Merozoites in the Schizont

Female Male Gametocytes

Phylum Ciliophora The Ciliates Organisms move by cilia Usually two sizes of nuclei Macronucleus and micronucleus Reproduction usually by transverse binary fission but sexual reproduction by conjugation

Paramecium

Binary Fission – Asexual Reproduction

Conjugation – sexual reproduction

Vorticella

Stentor