Loose Ends

Challenges Facing African Americans O Following the Civil War, the 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments were meant to protect civil and voting rights of freedmen O Jim Crow Laws and the “black codes” found ways to enforce segregation at state and local levels O Examples of historical black codes:

Jim Crow in Austin

Notable African American Reformers O Booker T. Washington – argued that blacks should slowly build acceptance by educating themselves and increasing their wealth. He said by raising themselves up they would eventually be accepted in society O W.E.B. Dubois was seen as more “radical” than Washington, pushing for immediate political change and civil rights action. He believed that Washington’s strategy would only continue white oppression. He eventually founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.)

Notable African American Reformers O Marcus Garvey was one of the leaders of the “Back to Africa” movement, saying that African Americans should leave the US behind in order to achieve justice and self-rule in Africa O Ida Wells was an African American muckraker that pushed for an end to lynching and racial violence against blacks

Progressivism in Business: Efficiency Studies O With the growth of the assembly line, Frederick Taylor conducted time studies on how to make workers as efficient as possible. O Broke up jobs into smaller tasks and trained workers to do one simple job many times, like tighten a screw or put on a hubcap O This was called “scientific management” or “Taylorism” Ford Assembly Line

Urbanization/Migration and American Culture O One outcome of the growth of cities and movement of new migrants were changes in music and art at the time. O One neighborhood in New York, Tin Pan Alley, was the center of a new movement of musical theater, vaudeville, jazz, and blues that dominated popular culture of the time. Louis Armstrong Listen to “Maple Leaf Rag” a popular ragtime song written by Scott Joplin:

Great Migration - African Americans and the Great War O The Great Migration of African Americans from the south to urban areas further north during WWI added to this already- growing cultural movement