Atoms, Ions and the Periodic Table Chemistry 131 Chapter 2.

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Presentation transcript:

Atoms, Ions and the Periodic Table Chemistry 131 Chapter 2

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Structure of the Atom Atomic Mass Periodic Table Ions

Dalton’s Atomic Theory

Two Key Ideas led to Atomic Theory

Law of Conservation of Mass Lavoisier

Law of Definite Proportions Proust

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Published in 1808 with Four Postulates

All matter is composed of exceedingly small, invisible particles called Atoms.

Atoms of an element have a given mass and properties, atoms of differing elements differ in mass and properties.

Atoms are not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Atoms combine is simple, fixed, whole-number ratios to form compounds

Structure of the Atom

Dalton perceived Atoms as the smallest unit of matter.

Thomson’s discovery of the electron posited a different model. Positiv e Charge Negativ e Charge Electron

Rutherford’s Gold Foil experiments led to yet another revision

The Nuclear Model of the Atom

Even atoms have sub- structure.

Hydrogen

Proton Mass = × g Charge = × C

Neutron Mass = × g Charge = 0

Electron Mass = × g Charge = × C

Atomic Number = Number of protons Mass Number= # Protons + # Neutrons

Hydrogen Also Hydrogen Isotopes

Ions

Number of Electrons = Number of Protons, if the atom is neutral.

Li +1 Ions

Atomic Mass

1.6749× g isn’t a lot

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

1 amu = 1/12 the mass of 1 Carbon-12 atom

All atomic masses are therefore relative to Carbon-12

The atomic masses on the periodic table are relative atomic masses

Relative Atomic Mass= (Isotope 1 mass × Abundance 1) + (Isotope 2 mass × Abundance 2) +…

Example (Silver) 107 Ag amu is 51.82% 109 Ag amu is 48.18%

amu × = amu amu × = amu amu amu = amu

Problem Given the following information, calculate the relative atomic mass of Magnesium. 24 Mg = amu at 20.00% 25 Mg = amu at 20.00% 26 Mg = amu at 60.00%

Problem The copper mined on Earth consist of 63 Cu (62.93 amu) and 65 Cu (64.93 amu). Which isotope is more abundant? Why?

Periodic Table

Review Problems

Review Problem 1 How many carbon atoms are present in each sample? (a)120 amu (b)12,000 amu (c)7.22 × amu

Review Problem 2 During a typical physical exam blood tests measure the cholesterol level. A high result is anything over mg/dL. What is this in pounds/fluid ounce? If a typical human has L of blood, how many pounds of cholesterol are present in the blood of a patient with a total cholesterol of mg/dL?