Week 2 – Lesson 2

 Processor and chipset are located on motherboard  Components determine power and features of system  Major manufacturers: Intel, AMD, and Cyrix  Factors used to rate processors:

 Data Bus Size  This is the number of bits that the CPU send or receive from other components in the computer. 8 bits means that the CPU can send or receive  data in chunks of 8 bits.  Word Size  This is the number of bits that the CPU can deal with internally at the same time. A word size of 16 bits means that the CPU can deal with data  in 16 bit chunks. A CPU with a larger word size can deal with more data simultaneously.  Address Bus Size  This is used for storing data in RAM. Essentially the location of each byte that is stored in RAM has an address. This address is a number.  A CPU with a larger address bus size supports more RAM.

 Early model numbers: 8088, 8086, 80286, 386, 486  New three-digit processor numbers:  Pentium processors: 5xx to 8xx  Celeron processors: 3xx  Pentium M processors: 7xx  Overview of the Pentium family of processors  Two ALUs are used for multiprocessing  Eight types of Pentium processors; e.g., Pentium 4  Celeron and Xeon are offshoots from Pentium family

 Multimedia Extensions (MMX)  Pentium II  Pentium III  Celeron  Pentium 4  IA-64/Merced

-8086, first generation, developed in 1978, first 16 bit CPU -8088, 50% less data bus size to 8086=cheaper CPU model, -286, second generation, (80286) -386, third generation, developed in 1985, first 32 bit CPU, (80386) -486, fourth generation (80486) (386SX and 486SX did not implement a Maths Coprocessor (now named the FPU)) (386DX and 486DX implemented a Maths Coprocessor) -Pentium, fifth generation, first superscalar CPU (dual pipelines) -Pentium MMX, designed for multimedia requirements (Multimedia extensions=MMX) -Pentium II, sixth generation, 50% more pipeline stages -Celeron, 50% less CPU transistors to Pentium II=cheaper CPU model -Pentium III, designed for Internet streaming -Pentium 4, seventh generation, developed in 2000, 50% more pipeline stages (Intel Core, single core and dual core CPUs) -Pentium 4 Prescott, eighth generation, developed in Intel Core 2, ninth generation, developed in 2006, dual core and quad core CPUs

Multimedia extensions (MMX) are 57 additional instructions that are added to the CPU. These instructions speed up processing for multimedia, 3D video, standard video and sound. These instructions are based on the single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) technique. Compared to the Pentium Classic (standard Pentium), a Pentium MMX has 32KB level 1 cache (standard Pentium has 16KB of level 1 cache). A Pentium MMX runs other applications 10% faster, and runs a multimedia application 60% faster than a standard Pentium with the same clock speed. Intel have since developed another version of MMX, called MMX2 (MMX version 2).

 The Pentium II includes MMX and an additional twelve million transistorsMMX  It uses dual independent bus (DIB) architecture. The CPU has two buses:  One bus connects the CPU to main memory (RAM).  The other bus connects the CPU to level 2 cache.  The Pentium II comes in a single edge cartridge (SEC) designed to fit into a Slot 1 connector on the motherboard.

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 The Pentium III is a Pentium II with extra instructions for live Internet streaming. Early models were distributed as an SEC with a Slot 1 connector. Later models came as an SEC with a Socket 370 chip form.

1/03/10  The Celeron CPU is a cheaper version of a Pentium cartridge with less or no level 2 cache.  The first Celeron CPU were the 300A and 333. They fitted into a Slot 1 connector on the motherboard and ran on a 66MHz system bus. It was good for office applications such as word processors, but the lack of level 2 cache was a great disadvantage.  Intel Celeron processors are available in plastic pin grid array (PPGA) form factor.

1/03/10 Celeron 300A 333 Intel Celeron processors are available in plastic pin grid array (PPGA) form factor.

1/03/10  The Pentium 4 comes in an SEC with a Socket 423 chip. It has three levels of cache:  Level 1 cache, built in to the CPU.  Level 2 cache, which is outside the CPU but in the SEC.  Level 3 cache, which is outside both the CPU and the SEC.  It has two 20-stage superpipelines and a clock speed of 1GHz to3.73GHz. It has more MMX instructions.

1/03/10 Pentium 4 Pentium 4 Prescott 640

 Figure 5-8 The Pentiums are sometimes sold boxed with a cooler assembly

1/03/10  The Itanium CPU, code name Merced, is the 64 bit successor to the Pentium CPUs. It is being designed jointly by HP and Intel.  It uses very long instruction word (VLIW) technology, predication. Clock speeds start at 800MHz. It has 25.4 million transistors.

 Intel Itaniums  AMD 64-bit processors

 Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc  Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile processors  Older AMD processors  Use motherboards not compatible with Intel processors  Earlier processors used a 321-pin socket  Current AMD processors  For desktops: Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64 FX  For servers: Athlon MP, Opteron  For notebooks: Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64

 Cooling assembly should keep temperatures <185° F  Target temperature range: 90° - 100° F  One or more fans are needed to meet cooling needs  Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire or clip  Heat sink: clip-on device pulling heat from processor  Cooler: combination of heat sink and cooling fan

 Used to connect the processor to the motherboard  Motherboard type must match processor package  Types of sockets  Sockets are built around pin grid or land grid arrays  Variations: PGA, SPGA, LGA, DIP, LIF, and ZIF  Types of slots  Packages fit into slots like expansion cards  Proprietary: Slot 1, Slot 2 (Intel) and Slot A (AMD)  New processor packages use sockets, not slots  Slocket: adapts Slot 1 to processor requiring a socket

Socket A Socket 478 Socket 754,939,940,AM2 Socket 775

Figure 5-16: Socket LGA775 is the latest Intel socket

CPU FamilyFrequency Athlon MHz MHz Mobile Athlon MHz MHz Turion 64 Mobile technology 1600 MHz MHz ML-28 - ML-44, MT-28 - MT-40 Sempron / Sempron MHz MHz Mobile Sempron 1600 MHz MHz K8 Athlon XP-M 1600 MHz

1/03/10 Celeron D Pentium 4

CPU FamilyFrequency Athlon MHz MHz Athlon 64 FX 2800 MHz FX-62 Athlon 64 X MHz MHz Mobile Athlon 64 X MHz MHz AMD Sempron GHZ

celeron (PPGA)celeron (PPGA) (300 MHz MHz), the fastest Celeron PPGA is Celeron 533 Celeron Coppermine (FC-PGA) (533 MHz MHz) Celeron Tualatin (FC-PGA2) (900 MHz MHz) Pentium III Coppermine (FC-PGA and FC-PGA2) (500 MHz MHz) Pentium III Coppermine-T (800 MHz MHz) Pentium III Tualatin (FC-PGA2) (800 MHz MHz) VIA C3 (FC-PGA) (466 MHz MHz) Socket 7 processors are not compatible with Socket 370 and they do not fit into the socket. There are no AMD processors compatible with this socket.Celeron 533 Celeron Coppermine (FC-PGA) Celeron Tualatin (FC-PGA2) Pentium III Coppermine (FC-PGA and FC-PGA2) Pentium III Coppermine-T Pentium III Tualatin (FC-PGA2) VIA C3 (FC-PGA)

Supported processors AMD K5AMD K5 (75 MHz MHz) AMD K6 (166 MHz MHz) AMD K6-2 (200 MHz MHz, often requires 100 MHz bus support) AMD K6-III (333 MHz MHz, often requires 100 MHz bus support) Cyrix 6x86, 6x86L and 6x86MX (90 MHz MHz) Cyrix MII (233 MHz MHz) IBM 6x86, 6x86L and 6x86MX (90 MHz MHz) IDT Winchip C6 (180 MHz MHz) IDT Winchip 2 (200 MHz MHz) Intel Pentium (non-MMX) (75 MHz MHz) Intel Pentium MMX (166 MHz MHz) Rise Technology MP6 (150 MHz MHz) ST 6x86 (90 MHz MHz) AMD K6 AMD K6-2 AMD K6-III Cyrix 6x86, 6x86L and 6x86MX Cyrix MII IBM 6x86, 6x86L and 6x86MX IDT Winchip C6 IDT Winchip 2 Intel Pentium (non-MMX) Intel Pentium MMX Rise Technology MP6 ST 6x86

1/03/10 Form Factor: ATX Processor Interface: Socket AM2+ Processors Supported: AMD Athlon 64 AMD Athlon 64 FX AMD Sempron AMD Phenom FX, AMD Pheno

Socket/slot typeCPU nameCPU speed CPU widthCache Socket 7Pentium75MHz32 No actual details provided Pentium166MHz32 No actual details provided Pentium MMX166MHz32No actual details provided Pentium MMX200MHz32No actual details provided Slot 1 / Single Edge Cartridge (SEC) Pentium II350MHz32512KB Pentium II400MHz32512KB Pentium III600MHz32512KB PGA370Celeron400MHz32128KB Celeron633MHz32128KB Celeron950MHz32128KB LGA775Celeron D2.66GHz64256KB Pentium 43GHz642MB Socket 939AMD Athlon GHz64640KB Socket AM2AMD Sempron GHz64256KB

CPU Sockets Socket Pin count CPU familiesFrequency (MHz) Slot 1 / SC Intel Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III Socket 7321 AMD K5 / K6 / K6-2 / K6-III Cyrix 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MX, MII IBM 6x86, 6x86L, 6x86MX IDT Winchip 2, Winchip C6 Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX Rise Technology MP6 ST 6x Socket 370 / PGA Intel Celeron, Pentium III VIA C Socket 775 / LGA Intel Celeron, Celeron D, Celeron Dual-Core, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Core 2 Quad, Pentium 4,Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, Pentium D, Pentium Dual-Core,Pentium Extreme Edition,Xeon Socket AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2, Dual-Core Opteron, K8 Sempron, Opteron Socket AMD Athlon 64 FX, Dual-Core Opteron, Opteron Socket AM2940 AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2, Mobile Athlon 64 X2, K8 Sempron, Phenom X3, Phenom X4, Second Generation Opteron