SMS-Based web Search for Low- end Mobile Devices Jay Chen New York University Lakshmi Subramanian New York University Eric Brewer University of California, Berkely

 SMS-based web service is a rapidly growing market  Over 12 million subscribers in July 2008  A significant fraction of mobile devices in developing regions are still low-cost devices 2 Motivation(1)  Undesirable performance about current existing SMS- based web service  Low accuracy (Google SMS 22.2%, Yahoo! One search 27.8%[vertical and pre-defined topics])  Long median response time (ChaCha seconds [hire human to search the web and answer questions])

3 Motivation(2)

 SMS search suffer from the long tail phenomenon  21% of the queries are verticals and 79% are long tailed (in ChaCha)  None of the existing automated SMS search services is a complete solution for search queries across arbitrary topics  The search queries are inherently ambiguous 4 Challenges

5  Seek to build an automated system has performance  Fast (unlike ChaCha)  Accurate(unlike Google SMS and Yahoo! One search)  Return a disambiguated result for queries across arbitrary topics 5 Problem

6 Related work  Mobile search is different from conventional desktop search  Click-through rate and search page views were significantly lower  Persistence of mobile users was very low  Diversity of search topics for low-end phone users was much less  Distinct at least one of the three dimensions fromTREC tracks  The nature of the input query  The document collection set  The nature of the search result in the query response

7 System architecture Run algorithm and return a snippet

8  Vertical: topics are pre-defined or popular  Long tail: topics are not popular  A snippet: any continuous stream of text that fits within an SMS message(within 140 bytes)  Hint: a term or a collection of consecutive terms that determine what kind of information the user is looking for Introduce of definition

9 SMSFind algorithm The SMSFind search problem can be characterized as : ★ Given an unstructured SMS search query in the form of and top-k return pages by a search engine, extract a condensed set of text snippets from the response pages that provide an appropriate search response to the query. This problem definition assumes that the hint is specified for every query. Like Google SMS have a similar explicit requirement, where a keyword is specified as the last term.(this paper’s hint is arbitrary)

10 SMSFind algorithm  Neighborhood Extraction  N-gram Ranking  Snippet Ranking Considering a search query (Q,H) where Q is the search query containing the hint term H. Let P1,... PN represent the textual content of the top N search response pages to Q. Given(Q,H) and P1... PN, the SMSFind snippet extraction algorithm contains three main steps:

11 Process of SMSFind Filtering n-grams Neighborhood extraction Ranking n-grams Split snippets tiles Snippet ranking Generate n-grams Filter the set of n-gram based on three dimensions: frequency (3), mean rank(ignore low PageRank n-gram) and Minimum distance(10). Rank(s)=freq(s)+meanranks(s)+min dist(s) Based on the cumulative rank of top- k(5) ranked n-grams within the snippet Using a 140bytes slide window

12 Generate n-gram n-gram :1-5 words N-gramFrequencyMin. Distance "the"21 "the brown"13 "the brown cow"12 "brow cow jumped"11 Table 1: Slicing example for the text “the brown cow jumped over the moon”. Hint=“over”

13 N-gram Ranking  Three metrics:  Frequency : the number of times the n-gram occurs across all snippets  Mean rank: the sum across every occurrence of a n-gram of the PageRank of the page in which it occurs, divided by the n-gram’s raw frequency.  Minimum distance : the minimum distance between a n- gram and the hint across any occurrences of both.

14 An example at this point of metrics to evaluate the rank of n-gram If two n-grams s,t have the same frequency measure but if n- gram s has a much lower web frequency than t, then s needs to be higher ranked than t TF-IDF Rank(s)=freq(s)+meanrank(s)+mindist(s) {a linear combination of three normalized ranks}

15 snippet Ranking

16 How to extract a hint  Resource date analysis:  95% of 100, 000 queries from ChaCha are less than 14 terms or less  Several common structures can be observed and have corresponding transformation rules  Like: 45% of the queries began with “what”, of which over 80% of the queries are in standard forms (e.g. “what is”, “what was”, “what are”, “what do”, “what does”) e.g. “what is a quote by Ernest Hemingway” Satisfy structure of “what is X”, ignore the stop word “a”, the final is

17 Implement  Implement:  Language: 600 lines of python uses publicly parsing Library  Deployment: a front-end to send and receive SMS message  Set up: a SMS short code with a local telco in Kenya, and route all SMS requests and response to and from our server machine  Implement interfaces : to several basic vertical as a part of service including: weather, definitions, local business results, and news. (each of those interfaces under 150 lines python code)

18 Evaluation

19 Use the sub-topic in ChaCha to focus on long tail topics

20 variety of the topics

21 Important to use n- gram to rank the snippet Critical to return a snippet rather than n-gram Significant to modify the queries

22 The readability of our snippets is poor

23 Conclusion  A combination of simple Information Retrieval algorithms in conjunction with existing search engines can provide reasonably accurate search response for SMS queries  Using queries across arbitrary topics show SMSFind can answer 57.3% of the queries in test set.  Represent a foray into an open and practical research domain