Rick Graziani Cabrillo College Fall 2013

2 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Format of an IPv6 Address IPv6 Address Types Global Unicast IPv6 Address Subnetting

3 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada

4 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Why are they making me learn IPv6?

5 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada The Internet is more than just connecting people. At the very least we need IPv6 for the Internet to continue. So, the “killer application” for the Internet is the Internet itself.

6 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Monday, January 31, 2011 IANA allocated two blocks of IPv4 address space to APNIC, the RIR for the Asia Pacific region This triggered a global policy to allocate the remaining IANA pool of 5 /8’s equally between the five RIRs. So, basically…

7 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada “All of this could have all been avoided with IPv6.”

8 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist for the foreseeable future. Dual-stack – Device running both IPv4 and IPv6.

9 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Tunneling – IPv6 packets encapsulated inside IPv4 packets. NAT64 – Translating between IPv4 and IPv6. Native IPv6 – All IPv6 (our focus and the goal of every organization).

10 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada IETF does not support the concept of translating a “private IPv6” address to a “public” IPv6 address. NAT for IPv4 breaks many things /24 RFC 1918 Private Address Public IPv4 Address

11 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada IPv6 is more than just larger address space. It was a chance to make some improvements on the IP protocol.

12 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Next Header = Protocol field in IPv4. Indicates the data payload type (TCP, UDP, ICMPv6) Hop Limit = TTL (Time to Live) in IPv4. Number of router hops before packet is discarded. Routers do not fragment IPv6 packets unless it is the source of the packet. Use of a Link-Local Address. ICMPv6 is more robust than ICMPv4. SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) for dynamic addressing.

13 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Understanding the format of IPv6 Address

14 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses represented in:  Eight 16-bit segments or “hextets” (not a formal term)  Hexadecimal (non-case sensitive) between 0000 and FFFF  Separated by colons  Reading and subnetting IPv6 is easier than IPv4! One Hex digit = 4 bits 2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/ : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : bits 1 16 bits 2 16 bits 3 16 bits 4 16 bits 5 16 bits 6 16 bits 7 16 bits 8

15 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  How many addresses does 128 bits give us?  340 undecillion addesses or …  340 trillion trillion trillion addresses or …  “50 billion billion billion addresses for every person on earth” or….  “A string of soccer balls would wrap around our universe 200 billion times!” … in other words …  You won’t need to learn IPv7 for the next version of CCNA! 2001:0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/ : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : bits

16 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Early versions of CCNA included: IPv4 Appletalk IPX

17 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  Two rules for reducing the size of written IPv6 addresses.  The first rule is: Leading zeroes in any 16-bit segment do not have to be written : 0DB8 : 0001 : 1000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0ef0 : bc : DB8 : 1 : 1000 : 0 : 0 : ef0 : bc : 0DB8 : 010d : 000a : 00dd : c000 : e000 : : DB8 : 10d : a : dd : c000 : e000 : : 0DB8 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : : DB8 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 500

18 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  The second rule can reduce this address even further:  Any single, contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments consisting of all zeroes can be represented with a double colon. FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 FE80 : : 1 Second RuleFirst Rule

19 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  Only a single contiguous string of all-zero segments can be represented with a double colon.  Both of these are correct… FE80 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0014 : 0000 : 0000 : 0095 FE80 :: 14 : 0 : 0 : 95 OR FE80 : 0 : 0 : 0 : 14 :: 95

20 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  Using the double colon more than once in an IPv6 address can create ambiguity because of the ambiguity in the number of 0’s. FE80::14::95 FE80:0000:0000:0000:0014:0000:0000:0095 FE80:0000:0000::0014:0000: :0095 FE80:0000:0014:0000:0000:0000:0000:0095

21 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  IPv4, the prefix—the network portion of the address—can be identified by a dotted decimal netmask or bitcount or /24  IPv6 prefixes are always identified by bitcount (prefix length).  Prefix length notation: 3ffe:1944:100:a::/ bits

22 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada IPv6 Addresses

23 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada IPv6 Addressing Multicast Unicast Anycast AssignedSolicited Node Global Unicast Unspecified Loopback Embedded IPv4 Link-Local Unique Local FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104 ::/128 ::1/ ::/3 3FFF::/3 FE80::/10 FEBF::/10 FC00::/7 FDFF::/7 ::/80

24 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses

25 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Interface ID Subnet ID Global Routing Prefix Global Unicast Address (GUA) 001 Range: 2000::/ :: to 3FFF::/ :: Global unicast addresses are similar to IPv4 addresses Routable Unique IANA’s allocation of IPv6 address space in 1/8 th sections

26 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Interface ID Subnet ID Global Routing Prefix Global Unicast Address (GUA) 001 Range: 2000::/ :: to 3FFF::/ :: Global unicast addresses are equivalent to IPv4 public addresses Except under very specific circumstances, all end users will have a global unicast address Terminology: Prefix equivalent to network address Prefix length equivalent to subnet mask in IPv4 Interface ID equivalent to host portion

27 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Typical Global Unicast Address and Why We Love IPv6! IPv4 Unicast Address 32 bits Network portionHost portionSubnet portion /? IPv6 Global Unicast Address 128 bits Global Routing Prefix Interface ID 16-bit Fixed Subnet ID /64 64-bit Interface ID = 18 quintillion (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) devices/subnet 16-bit Subnet ID = 65,536 subnets /48

28 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Interface ID Subnet ID Global Routing Prefix /64 Global Unicast Addresses and the rule 2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : = 4 (/64) : :0DB8:AAAA:1111:0000:0000:0000:0100/ :0DB8:AAAA:1111::100/64 16 bits 314 /48/64

29 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada  Just increment by 1 in Hexadecimal: 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0001::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0002::/ :0DB8:AAAA:000A::/64  Valid abbreviation is to remove the 3 leading 0’s from the first shown quartet 2001:0DB8:AAAA:1::/ Rule

30 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Interface ID Subnet ID Global Routing Prefix Subnetting into the Interface ID Prefix 64 bits48 bits 16bits /48 / : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 : : 0DB8 : AAAA : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0002 : 0000 thru 2001 : 0DB8 : AAAA : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : FFFE : : 0DB8 : AAAA : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : FFFF : 0000 Global Routing Prefix Subnet-IDInterface ID

31 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Subnetting on a nibble boundary Interface ID Subnet ID Global Routing Prefix /68 Prefix 60 bits 48 bits20 bits /48 /68 Subnetting on a nibble (4 bit) boundary makes it easier to list the subnets: /64, /68, /72, etc. 2001:0DB8:AAAA:0000:0000::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0000:1000::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0000:2000::/68 through 2001:0DB8:AAAA:FFFF:F000::/68 /68

32 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Subnetting within a nibble Interface ID Subnet ID Global Routing Prefix /70 Prefix 58 bits 48 bits22 bits /48 / :0DB8:AAAA:0000:0000::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0000:0400::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0000:0800::/ :0DB8:AAAA:0000:0C00::/ Four Bits: The two leftmost bits are part of the Subnet-ID, whereas the two rightmost bits belong to the Interface ID. bits

33 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada 1 bit Interface ID Global Routing Prefix Do we need the IPv6 equivalent to a /30? Debate for the need to use a / bit Prefix 79 bits48 bits 1bit /48 /127 Beyond the scope of CCNA but may be of interest…. RFC Using 127-Bit IPv6 Prefixes on Inter-Router Links Ping-Pong Issue Neighbor Cache Exhaustion Issue Subnet ID

34 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Global Unicast Configuring a Global Unicast Address Dynamic IPv6 Unnumbered Stateless Autoconfiguration DHCPv6 Static EUI-64 Manual IPv6 Address CCNA or CCNP Routing

35 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada

36 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Exactly the same as an IPv4 address only different. No space between IPv6 address and Prefix-length. IOS commands for IPv6 are very similar to their IPv4 counterpart. All 0’s and all 1’s are valid IPv6 host IPv6 addresses. No space R1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/0 R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:1::1/64 R1(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config-if)#exit

37 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada R1(config)#interface gigabitethernet 0/1 R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:2::1/64 R1(config-if)#no shutdown R1(config-if)#exit R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:db8:acad:3::1/64 R1(config-if)#clock rate R1(config-if)#no shutdown

38 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada show running-config command on router R1 R1# show running-config interface GigabitEthernet0/0 no ip address duplex auto speed auto ipv6 address 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1/64 !

39 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada show ipv6 interface brief command on router R1 R1# show ipv6 interface brief GigabitEthernet0/0 [up/up] FE80::FE99:47FF:FE75:C3E0 2001:DB8:ACAD:1::1 Global unicast address Link-local unicast address Link-local address automatically created when (before) the global unicast address is. We will discuss link-local addresses next.

40 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada PC1: Static Global Unicast Address 2001:db8:acad:1:: :db8:acad:1::1 64

41 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada PC1> ipconfig Windows IP Configuration Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix. : IPv6 Address : 2001:db8:acad:1::10 Link-local IPv6 Address..... : fe80::50a5:8a35:a5bb:66e1%11 Default Gateway : 2001:db8:acad:1::1 PC1: Static Global Unicast Address

42 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada PC1> ping 2001:db8:acad:1::1 Pinging 2001:db8:acad:1::1 from 2001:db8:acad:1::100 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 2001:db8:acad:1::1: time=1ms Ping statistics for 2001:db8:acad:1::1: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 1ms, Maximum = 1ms, Average = 1ms PC1> Ping uses ICMPv6 Echo Request and Echo Reply messages similar to ICMPv4.

43 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Global Unicast Manual IPv6 Unnumbered IPv6 Address Stateless Autoconfiguration DHCPv6 Static EUI-64 Dynamic

44 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada IPv6 Addressing Multicast Unicast Anycast AssignedSolicited Node Global Unicast Unspecified Loopback Embedded IPv4 Link-Local Unique Local FF00::/8 FF02::1:FF00:0000/104 ::/128 ::1/ ::/3 3FFF::/3 FE80::/10 FEBF::/10 FC00::/7 FDFF::/7 ::/80

45 © 2013 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco confidential. Cisco Networking Academy, US/Canada Rick Graziani - PowerPoints for CCNA, CCNP, IPv6 Username = cisco Password = perlman Shameless plug! Quality time with my two nieces…

Rick Graziani Cabrillo College Fall 2013