Group 4: Flowering Plants Angiosperms (flowering plants) Flower = reproductive structure –A–Attract animals to help spread pollen –F–Forms fruit to protect and spread seeds Seeds –G–Grow inside the fruit –I–Inside the seed 1. Embryo 2. Endosperm (Food supply)

Seed Dispersal Fruit brightly colored –Attracts animals Seeds pass through animals digestive system Seeds pooped in a new area to grow Fruit seeds in fox poop

Angiosperm Groups 2 groups: Based on seed type Cotyledon: embryonic leaf Two Categories: –Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf –Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves

Monocots vs. Dicots Know this one Know this one ehh Know this one Know this one

Apple Tree: Monocot or Dicot? Net-like veins

Monocot or Dicot?

Veins run parallel

Veins run parallel

Veins branch outward

Angiosperm Life Spans Three Life Span Types: 1) Annuals –Seed grows… –Produce flowers & seeds… –Die 2) Biennials –1 st year: Seed grows and stores food –2 nd year: grows more… makes flowers & seeds… dies 3) Perennials –Live for more than 2 years –May take decades to grow fruit

sepals petals Reproductive structure of angiosperms Sepals –o–outer ring of leaves –p–protection Petals –I–Inner ring of leaves –B–Brightly colored to attract pollinators Male and female organs found inside Flowers

Tulip Pistil and Stamen male female

Lily Pistil and Stamen male female

Pistil and Stamen male female

Pistil and Stamen male female

Flowers Male Stamen –Anther: produces pollen (sperm) Female Carpel/Pistil –Inner most part –Ovary: within the base Contains eggs Grows into fruit when fertilized –Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen

... Self-Pollination (own pollen fertilizes own egg)

Cross-Pollination (pollen of one, fertilizes egg of another)...

1. Pollen sticks to animal (pollinator) or is released into wind. Angiosperm Life Cycle

1. Pollen sticks to animal (pollinator) or is released into wind.

2. Animal (pollinator) finds new flower to feed on & pollen grains land on the stigma = pollination 3. Pollen tube grows towards the ovary and 2 nuclei transfer down into the ovule egg.. Let’s zoom in

4. Angiosperms go through the process of double fertilization. 1 sperm fuse with the egg = zygote 1 sperm fuse with the polar nuclei = triploid (3n) endosperm Endosperm(3n)Endosperm(3n) Z y g o t e Double Fertilization

Endosperm Seed Coat Embryo 5. Each ovule becomes a seed. 6. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.

7. Flower dries up and fruit falls to ground.

8. Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…

9. Seeds get dispersed. 10. Seed germinates (sporophyte), and the cycle starts over. Ground

Plant typeSporophyteGametophyteDominant Phase? MossStalk with cup at tip, which is where spores are produced. More familiar, carpet-like plant that produces specialized gametes XX - Archegonium XY - Antheridium GAMETOPHYTE FernMore familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori) Haploid plant body is size of a finger nail, produces both male and female parts SPOROPHYTE Conifer (Gymnosperm) More familiar - like pine trees, produces male and female cones that produce spores Male gametophytes are pollen grains  sperm Female gametophytes are microscopic  eggs SPOROPHYTE Flowers (Angiosperm) More familiar - apple tree, peach tree, zucchini, berries, etc. Contain flowers that produce male and female spores Pollen grains are male gametophytes  2 haploid cells = pollen tube + sperm Female gametophyte in ovule  egg + 2 polar nuclei SPOROPHYTE