Bicuspid AV Parasternal long axis view demonstrating eccentric valve closure in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve; note the aortic root is dilated as well. Parasternal short axis view of aortic root; a bicuspid aortic valve can be identified within the aortic root. Fig 24

Bicuspid aortic valve causing aortic stenosis Parasternal long axis view in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve, demonstrating thickened valve leaflets. Doppler colour flow demonstrating the proximal acceleration and distal flow disturbance. Fig 25

Bicuspid aortic valve with AR Parasternal long axis view in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve, demonstrating thin but doming aortic valve leaflets. Doppler colour flow demonstrating the aortic valve regurgitation during diastole. LV Ao RV LA Ao LA Fig 26

Congenital AS Parasternal longaxis and short axis view showing a congenital aortic stenosis causing by a possible unileaflet aortic valve. The valve leaflet itself looks dysplastic. LV RV Ao Fig 27

Sub AS a b c LV RV AoLA LV vsd RV a:Apical five chamber view demonstrating a sub-aortic ridge. b:Colour flow Doppler showing turbulent flow start from sub-aortic area and a shunt through a VSD. c: Continuous Doppler trace from the LVOT showing a peak velocity of 4.2 m/s Fig 28

Sub aortic stenosis 3D imagines demonstrating a sub-aortic fibrio-muscular ring LV Ao Fig 29

Small Aortic Root Parasternal long-axis view of a fibromuscular subaortic tunnel. The aortic root itself is also small Colour Doppler demonstrate mild aortic regurgitation Fig 30