The REPRODUCTIVE System Unit 6 Reproductive System

Vocabulary Hystero– uterus Salpingo- uterine tubes Oophoro- ovaries Orchio- testes Balano- glans penis Gyneco- woman Masto- breast Ova- egg -centesis – puncture into a cavity

Vocabulary Amenorrhea – lack of menses by a women after puberty. Andrology – medical specialty that deals with male health. Gynecology – medical specialty that deals with female health. Ectopic – in an abnormal place or position. Puberty – period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

Functions of the Reproductive System Production of the gametes (egg and sperm) by gonads Produce hormones to help in the maturation process

Structures of the Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina

Ovaries The 2 ovaries are in the pelvic cavity Each ovary contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs. Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone Produce eggs

Estrogen Helps in the formation of female secondary sex characteristics: Breasts Broadened pelvis Increased body hair Increased body fat

Maturation of an Egg The eggs were produced before the female was born Approximately 400,000 were produced, only around 500 eggs reach maturity Follicle containing the egg will move to the surface of the ovary Follicle breaks, releasing the egg during the process called ovulation An egg can be fertilized for about 24-36 hours after ovulation The egg should be swept into the uterine tube (Fallopian Tube)

Uterine Tubes Connected to the uterus Tube with a funnel-like opening NOT directly connected to the ovary Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus Transport the sperm to the egg Site of fertilization

Uterus Inverted pear-shaped organ above the urinary bladder Three sections: The fundus (top), body (middle section), cervix (connects to the uterus) Three layers: Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium Menstruation Development of the embryo/fetus Aids in expulsion of the fetus during labor

Vagina Fibromuscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of the body Vaginal opening is located between the urethra and the anus Passageway for menstruation Birth canal during the delivery of the fetus

Tracing Egg Cells Ovary Fallopian Tubes Uterus Cervix Vagina/Birth Canal ***TWINS – Identical (1 egg/1 sperm that divides), Fraternal (2 eggs/2 sperms form in separate sacs)

Structures of the Male Reproductive System Testes Scrotum Epididymis Vas Deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate Gland Cowper’s gland Urethra

Testes Located in the scrotum Made up of small, coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules where sperm are made Produce sperm Can produce sperm throughout the adult life of the male at the average rate of 30 million sperm a day Produce testosterone

Testosterone Development of the sperm and the male secondary sex characteristics. Growth of the testicles and penis Appearance of pubic hair Shoulders widen Larynx enlarges

Scrotum Loose, muscular sac that encloses and protects the testes Maintains a constant temperature about 2 to 3 degrees below normal body temperature for optimal sperm production

Epididymis 2 coiled tubes located above each testicle Takes about 18 hours for sperm to mature Sugar (fructose) is provided to help the sperm meet their energy demands Provides a temporary storage area for the sperm

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) 2 muscular tubules extending from the epididymis through the abdomen to the urethra Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Seminal Vesicles Secretes alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina

Prostate Gland Gland located inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra Secretes a large amount of alkaline fluid that helps increase sperm motility and neutralizes the acidic vagina

Cowper’s Gland Secretes a protective and lubricating mucus. Sperm and 3 fluids that help make up Semen.

Urethra Tube that leads from the urinary bladder through the prostate gland to the outside of the body. 6-8 inches in length Passageway for sperm and urine ***Men are fertile from the time of puberty, 24/7, for the rest of their lives!!***

Tracing Sperm Cells Testes Epididymus Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Cowper’s Gland Urethra/Penis

Vocabulary for Conception Spermatozoa – mature male sex cell Gametes – a mature sperm or egg germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote. Fertilization – act of fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Implantation – the attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine wall. Embryo – an unborn human baby in the first 8 weeks from conception. Fetus – unborn human baby more than 8 weeks after conception.

Diseases and Disorders Reproductive System

Female Reproductive Disorders Cervical/Ovarian Cancer Cancer cells can form on the cervix, so a PAP Smear test (sample of cervical cells) is taken during an annual physical exam when the woman becomes sexually active. Blood test for Ovarian cancer.

Cervical Cancer Symptoms Treatment None Abnormal vaginal bleeding Increased vaginal discharge Pelvic pain Pain during intercourse Treatment Surgery Radiation chemotherapy

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman’s menstrual cycle Symptoms are usually predictable and occur regularly during the two weeks prior to menses Symptoms may diminish after menstrual flow starts, but may continue even after the flow has begun PMS is a collection of symptoms

PMS Most common symptoms include Acne Tenderness of the breasts Abdominal bloating Cramping Breast tenderness Itching of the breast Stress or anxiety Depression Appetite changes & food cravings Sleep problems Joint & muscle pain Headache Fatigue Acne Tenderness of the breasts Irritability and anger

PMS Treatment includes Aerobic exercise Reduced caffeine, sugar, and sodium Increase fiber Rest/sleep Hormonal therapy Anti-inflammatory drugs

Endometriosis Presence of the endometrium outside of the uterus Seems to be caused by the backflow of menstrual blood Symptoms include very painful periods, heavy periods, chronic abdominal pain, and infertility Controlled by birth control pills Surgery to remove the tissue from organs

Breast Cancer Leading cause of cancer death among women in the United States Generally found with routine breast self exams and mammograms— When should self exams be performed? 1 week after menstrual cycle is over Risk factors include: Genetics Exposure to radiation High fat diet Having the first baby after age 30

Male Reproductive Disorders Sterility – 20% of normal sperm production. Sperm cells are malformed and/or weak. Prostate Cancer – 2nd leading type of Cancer in men over 50. PSA (prostate specific antigen) blood test to detect prostate cancer.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Abnormal growth of prostate cells, but the condition is NOT cancerous Prostate undergoes abnormal growth and presses against the urethra and bladder Interferes with the normal flow of urine

Testicular Cancer About 7,500 men in the USA are diagnosed each year Occurs most often in men ages 15 to 39 Most common cancer in men between ages 16 to 34 Most testicular cancers are found by —Self Exams!!!

Careers of the Reproductive System

Geneticist Usually work in research labs, clinics and hospitals. Some work for private corporations to develop new products such as new seed varieties for fruit trees and vegetables. Education: Masters Degree is a minimum requirement for a Geneticist. Salary: $70,000/ year

Obstetrician/ Gynecologist (OB/GYN) Provide medical care for women related to their reproductive system. Provide service such as cancer screenings, testing for STDs, and advising on family planning. Education: Medical school plus a four year residency program in OB/GYN. Salary: $200,000/year

Mammographer A radiologic technician who specializes in screening breast tissue. Uses Ionizing radiation to produce an image of the breast in order to detect abnormalities in the tissue. Education: Associates or Bachelors in Radiation technology plus licensing. Salary: $55,000/year

Certified Nurse Midwife RNs with additional training in caring for pregnant women. They performs routine exams and provide prenatal care to healthy pregnant women. Education: Bachelor’s degree in Nursing and a registered nursing license. Certification can be obtained after 2-4 years of nursing experience, preferably in obstetrics and gynecology. Salary: $95,000/year