Cells and their Organelles!

Objectives History of a Cell Cell Organelles; Description and Functions Difference between plant and animal cell

History of the Cell Cells first seen with a simple microscope First cell seen by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Cell named and described by Robert Hook in 1665

Cell Theory: 1. Cells are the basic units of life 2. All organisms are made up of one or more cells 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cells lack a true nucleus and internal structures. Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and internal structures.

Plasma Membrane aka- Lipid Bilayer Thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from the world around it. Functions like a gate, controlling what enters and leaves the cell. Flexible and allows cell to change shape.

Lipid Bilayer Cell membranes consist of 2 fatty acids, joined tail to tail. The phosphate heads are polar and water loving Lipid tails are nonpolar and water fearing

Cell Wall Provides support for the cell Surrounds all Plant Cells Rigid and allows for little or no movement Made of cellulose and starch

Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope The “Brain” of the cell Controls all activities and functions Contains DNA in the form of Chromatin One of the largest organelles in the cell

Nucleus and Nuclear Envelope Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope that is 4x as thick as any other membrane Nuclear Envelope is a form of protection

Nucleolus and Nuclear Pores Found in the center of the nucleus. Responsible for making ribosomes Allows for RNA and ribosomes to enter and exit the nucleus

Mitochondria! Powerhouse of the cell. Transforms energy for the cell (food molecules are broken down). Cellular Respiration occurs here. Highly Folded for more surface area. Can be several hundred per cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments inside the cell Production of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles Ex: Tissues inside box

Rough ER Vs. Smooth ER Rough is coated with ribosomes, smooth isn’t Rough- site of PROTEIN synthesis Smooth- site of LIPID synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus Directs molecular traffic in the cell Series of closely stacked, flattened membranes sacs

Golgi Apparatus Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER and distributes them to plasma membrane Has vesicles that act as packages. Nickname UPS

Vacuoles Fluid filled sac surrounded by a membrane Temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products Usually one large vacuole in plants Several smaller vacuoles in animal cells

Lysosomes AKA: Suicide Bags Contain digestive enzymes to digest excess or worn out cell parts, food, invading viruses Ex: Tadpole and its tail

Ribosomes Particles where the cell assembles proteins according to the directions of the DNA Not bound by a membrane- still considered a cell organelle Made by the nucleolus Found free floating in the cytoplasm and on Rough ER

Chloroplast Only found in Plant Cells Contains Chlorophyll Photosynthesis occurs here Each plant cell can have several chloroplast

Cytoskeleton Made of Microtubules and Microfilaments. (Both made of protein) Found throughout the cell Provide shape, support, and structure to the cell

Cytoplasma The clear like fluid that surrounds inside the cell Consist of almost 1/2 the volume of an animal cell Chemical reactions occurs here

FLAGELLA Flagella are usually singular (occasionally there are more) projections found on the outside of the cell. Primary means of transportation and or movement.

Cillia Several, hairlike projections that surround the outside of the a cell Also used for movement and transportation

Plant Cell v/s Animal Cell All Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall All Plant cells contain the organelle Chloroplast All plant cells usually have one large vacuole the can occupy 90% of the cell.