HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant. 2012 Oct; 31(10): 1045-1095.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
HEART TRANSPLANTATION
Advertisements

HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2006 J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:
2002 ISHLT HEART TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT NUMBER OF HEART TRANSPLANTS REPORTED BY YEAR * Numbers may be low due to delayed reporting. Number.
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2006 J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2005 J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2008 J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2006 J Heart Lung Transplant 2006;25:
2004 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients.
2002 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21: HEART TRANSPLANTATION Overall.
J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28: LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2009.
2002 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21: HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall.
2004 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall.
J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28: HEART TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2009.
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2008 J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:
2004 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients.
J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28: HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2009.
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
2003 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients.
2003 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients.
2003 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall.
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients 2011 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 30 (10):
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2008 J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients 2010 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 29 (10):
HEART TRANSPLANTATION
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall 2010 ISHLT J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 29 (10):
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2007 J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26:
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2005 J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2008 J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2007 J Heart Lung Transplant 2007;26.
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Adult Recipients JHLT Oct; 32(10):
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10):
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):
CHAPTER 3 HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Editors: Mr Mohamed Ezani Md. Taib Dato’ Dr David Chew Soon Ping Dr Ashari Yunus Expert Panel: Mr Mohamed Ezani.
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):
Optimizing lung transplant outcomes in the adult and pediatric patient. Cynthia S. Herrington, MD Associate Professor of Surgery Keck School of Medicine.
Overview of Lung Transplantation
SSA Hearing on Compassionate Allowances Janet N Scheel MD November 9,2010.
CM-1 Clinical Transplantation Lung Howard University Hospital Department of Transplantation Clive O. Callender, MD. Arturo Hernandez, MD.
BWGHF Liège Heart transplantation 2008.
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients JHLT Oct; 32(10):
Update on Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation Dr Jameel Al-ata Consultant & Assistant Professor of Pediatrics & Pediatric Cardiology Taif April 2007.
Lung Transplantation Biology
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION 2012 דר ' לקסר אורי מכון הראה בית החולים האוניברסיטאי הדסה.
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Adult Recipients JHLT Oct; 32(10):
HEART TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10):
No relevant financial relationships to disclose
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Adult Recipients 2014 JHLT Oct; 33(10):
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients 2015 JHLT Oct; 34(10):
When Using SRTR Slides. SRTR Slide Use Guidelines.
United States Organ Transplantation SRTR & OPTN Annual Data Report, 2011 Kidney.
CM-1 Current Status of Lung Transplantation Jeff Golden, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Medical Director, Lung Transplantation University.
The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty- second Official Adult Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation Report—2015;
THE AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND CARDIOTHORACIC ORGAN TRANSPLANT REGISTRY
The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty- seventh official adult heart transplant report—2010  Josef Stehlik,
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
HEART TRANSPLANTATION
HEART TRANSPLANTATION
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2010
Review of Heart-Lung Transplantation at Stanford
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
THE AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND CARDIOTHORACIC ORGAN TRANSPLANT REGISTRY
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
HEART TRANSPLANTATION
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Daniel Kreisel, MD, PhD, Alexander S
HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Presentation transcript:

HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Overall ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

NUMBER OF HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS REPORTED BY YEAR ISHLT 2012 NOTE: This figure includes only the heart-lung transplants that are reported to the ISHLT Transplant Registry. As such, this should not be construed as evidence that the number of heart-lung transplants worldwide has declined in recent years. J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

AVERAGE CENTER VOLUME Heart-Lung Transplants: January 1, June 30, 2011 ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

DISTRIBUTION OF HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS BY LUNG CENTER VOLUME Heart-Lung Transplants: January 1, June 30, 2011 ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Kaplan-Meier Survival for All Ages (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Adult Recipients ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

DIAGNOSIS IN ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 “Other” includes cancer, LAM, OB, bronchiectasis J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

DIAGNOSIS IN ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Diagnosis N (%) Congenital Heart Disease1,134 (35.7%) Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension877 (27.6%) Cystic Fibrosis448 (14.1%) Acquired Heart Disease160 (5.0%) COPD/Emphysema133 (4.2%) Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis115 (3.6%) Alpha-161 (1.9%) Sarcoidosis52 (1.6%) Re-Transplant: Not Obliterative Bronchiolitis36 (1.1%) Re-Transplant: Obliterative Bronchiolitis22 (0.7%) Bronchiectasis30 (0.9%) Obliterative Bronchiolitis (not Re-Transplant)24 (0.8%) Other88 (2.8%) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

DIAGNOSIS IN ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS BY ERA (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 “Other” includes OB (non-ReTX) and Bronchiectasis J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Major Indications By Year (%) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Major Indications By Year (Number) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Age Distribution By Location (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Diagnosis Distribution By Location (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Donor Age Distribution By Location (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival by Era (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival By Diagnosis (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival By Diagnosis Conditional on Survival to 1 Year (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Cross-Sectional Analysis Functional Status of Surviving Recipients (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Functional Status of Surviving Recipients US Recipients Only (Follow-ups: March 2005 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Employment Status of Surviving Recipients (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Rehospitalization Post-transplant of Surviving Recipients (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Induction Immunosuppression (Transplants: January 2001 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Analysis is limited to patients who were alive at the time of the discharge J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Induction Immunosuppression (Transplants: January 2000 – December 2010) ISHLT 2012 Analysis is limited to patients who were alive at the time of the discharge J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Induction Immunosuppression (Transplants: January 2000 – December 2010) ISHLT 2012 Analysis is limited to patients who were alive at the time of the discharge J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Maintenance Immunosuppression at Time of Follow-up (Follow-ups: January 2001 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Analysis is limited to patients who were alive at the time of the follow-up NOTE: Different patients are analyzed in Year 1 and Year 5 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Maintenance Immunosuppression Drug Combinations at Time of Follow-up (Follow-ups: January 2001 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Analysis is limited to patients who were alive at the time of the follow-up NOTE: Different patients are analyzed in Year 1 and Year 5 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

POST-HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT MORBIDITY FOR ADULTS Cumulative Morbidity Rates in Survivors within 1 Year Post-Transplant (Follow-ups: April June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Outcome Within 1 Year Total number with known response Hypertension59.0%(N = 405) Renal Dysfunction18.7%(N = 439) Abnormal Creatinine < 2.5 mg/dl11.8% Creatinine > 2.5 mg/dl3.0% Chronic Dialysis3.6% Renal Transplant0.2% Hyperlipidemia26.7%(N = 427) Diabetes19.0%(N = 441) Coronary Artery Vasculopathy3.2%(N = 348) Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome8.4%(N = 415) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

POST-HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT MORBIDITY FOR ADULTS Cumulative Morbidity Rates in Survivors within 5 Years Post-Transplant (Follow-ups: April June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Outcome Within 5 Years Total number with known response Hypertension88.1%(N = 143) Renal Dysfunction46.2%(N = 169) Abnormal Creatinine < 2.5 mg/dl32.5% Creatinine > 2.5 mg/dl10.1% Chronic Dialysis2.4% Renal Transplant1.2% Hyperlipidemia69.3%(N = 150) Diabetes28.1%(N = 167) Coronary Artery Vasculopathy8.0%(N = 87) Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome26.4%(N = 140) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

Freedom from Coronary Artery Vasculopathy and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome For Adult Heart-Lung Recipients (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

Freedom from Coronary Artery Vasculopathy For Adult Heart-Lung Recipients By Diagnosis Type (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

Freedom from Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome For Adult Heart-Lung Recipients By Diagnosis Type (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

Freedom from Severe Renal Dysfunction* For Adult Heart-Lung Recipients (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

MALIGNANCY POST-HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT FOR ADULTS Cumulative Morbidity Rates in Survivors (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 Malignancy/Type 1-Year Survivors 5-Year Survivors 10-Year Survivors No Malignancy 421 (94.2%)155 (88.6%)50 (83.3%) Malignancy (all types combined) 26 (5.8%)20 (11.4%)10 (16.7%) Malignancy Type* Skin 279 Lymphoma 1860 Other 452 Type Not Reported 220 * Recipients may have experienced more than one type of malignancy so sum of individual malignancy types may be greater than total number with malignancy. J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

Freedom from Malignancy For Adult Heart-Lung Recipients (Follow-ups: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS Cause of Death (Deaths: January 1992 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 CAUSE OF DEATH 0-30 Days (N = 385) 31 Days - 1 Year (N = 311) >1 Year - 3 Years (N = 250) >3 Years - 5 Years (N = 160) >5 Years (N = 393) BRONCHIOLITIS011 (3.5%)62 (24.8%)36 (22.5%)80 (20.4%) ACUTE REJECTION7 (1.8%)9 (2.9%)5 (2.0%)2 (1.3%)3 (0.8%) LYMPHOMA011 (3.5%)15 (6.0%)8 (5.0%)11 (2.8%) MALIGNANCY, OTHER1 (0.3%)4 (1.3%)10 (4.0%)5 (3.1%)23 (5.9%) CMV02 (0.6%)01 (0.6%)1 (0.3%) INFECTION, NON-CMV68 (17.7%)109 (35.0%)74 (29.6%)44 (27.5%)97 (24.7%) GRAFT FAILURE109 (28.3%)67 (21.5%)34 (13.6%)26 (16.3%)54 (13.7%) CARDIOVASCULAR28 (7.3%)12 (3.9%)19 (7.6%)14 (8.8%)34 (8.7%) TECHNICAL86 (22.3%)10 (3.2%)3 (1.2%)3 (1.9%)3 (0.8%) OTHER86 (22.3%)76 (24.4%)28 (11.2%)21 (13.1%)87 (22.1%) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

ADULT HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS Relative Incidence of Leading Causes of Death (Deaths: January 1992 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION Pediatric Recipients ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS (Transplants: January June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

AGE DISTRIBUTION FOR DONORS OF PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS Transplants: January June 2011 ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS BY YEAR ISHLT 2012 NOTE: This figure includes only the heart-lung transplants that are reported to the ISHLT Transplant Registry. As such, this should not be construed as evidence that the number of pediatric heart-lung transplants worldwide has declined in recent years. J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG RECIPIENTS BY ERA OF TRANSPLANT ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

NUMBER OF CENTERS REPORTING PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

NUMBER OF CENTERS REPORTING PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Stratified by center volume ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

DIAGNOSIS IN PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS (Transplants: ) ISHLT 2012 NOTE: Unknown diagnoses were excluded from this tabulation. “Other” includes Bronchiectasis, Alpha-1, and OB (non-ReTX) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Age Distribution By Location ( Transplants: January 2000 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Diagnosis Distribution By Location ( Transplants: January 2000 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Donor Age Distribution By Location ( Transplants: January 2000 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival By Diagnosis (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival by Era (Transplants: January June 2010) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTS Kaplan-Meier Survival by Era (Transplants: January June 2010) Conditional on Survival to 1 Year ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS Cause of Death (Deaths: January 1992 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 CAUSE OF DEATH 0-30 Days (N = 48) 31 Days - 1 Year (N = 59) >1 Year - 3 Years (N = 55) >3 Years - 5 Years (N = 39) >5 Years (N = 62) BRONCHIOLITIS03 (5.1%)27 (49.1%)16 (41.0%)18 (29.0%) ACUTE REJECTION02 (3.4%)1 (1.8%)2 (5.1%)1 (1.6%) LYMPHOMA03 (5.1%)2 (3.6%)1 (2.6%)2 (3.2%) MALIGNANCY, OTHER01 (1.7%)01 (2.6%)0 CMV02 (3.4%)000 INFECTION, NON-CMV8 (16.7%)18 (30.5%)4 (7.3%)1 (2.6%)16 (25.8%) GRAFT FAILURE18 (37.5%)12 (20.3%)13 (23.6%)12 (30.8%)12 (19.4%) CARDIOVASCULAR3 (6.3%)3 (5.1%)2 (3.6%)2 (5.1%)3 (4.8%) TECHNICAL11 (22.9%)03 (5.5%)2 (5.1%)0 OTHER8 (16.7%)15 (25.4%)3 (5.5%)2 (5.1%)10 (16.1%) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS Cause of Death (Deaths: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 CAUSE OF DEATH 0-30 Days (N = 39) 31 Days - 1 Year (N = 44) >1 Year - 3 Years (N = 44) >3 Years - 5 Years (N = 34) >5 Years (N = 62) BRONCHIOLITIS01 (2.3%)21 (47.7%)14 (41.2%)18 (29.0%) ACUTE REJECTION01 (2.3%) 2 (5.9%)1 (1.6%) LYMPHOMA03 (6.8%)2 (4.5%)1 (2.9%)2 (3.2%) MALIGNANCY, OTHER01 (2.3%)01 (2.9%)0 CMV01 (2.3%)000 INFECTION, NON-CMV4 (10.3%)15 (34.1%)4 (9.1%)1 (2.9%)16 (25.8%) GRAFT FAILURE15 (38.5%)9 (20.5%)10 (22.7%)11 (32.4%)12 (19.4%) CARDIOVASCULAR3 (7.7%)2 (4.5%) 1 (2.9%)3 (4.8%) TECHNICAL9 (23.1%)01 (2.3%)1 (2.9%)0 OTHER8 (20.5%)11 (25.0%)3 (6.8%)2 (5.9%)10 (16.1%) J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):

PEDIATRIC HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS Relative Incidence of Leading Causes of Death (Deaths: April 1994 – June 2011) ISHLT 2012 J Heart Lung Transplant Oct; 31(10):