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The Self in Interpersonal Communication How we perceive ourselves How we present ourselves (or try to present ourselves) How we actually are Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication Self concept – how you perceive yourself comes from four sources Others’ images of you (looking glass self) Social comparisons Upward Downward Cultural teachings Self evaluation Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Self awareness – how well you know yourself The Johari Model emphasizes four aspects of self awareness Open – known to self and others Blind – known to others but not self Hidden – known to self but not others Unknown – no one knows Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) The Johari Model Known to self Unknown to self Unknown to others Known to others Open Self Blind Self Hidden Self Unknown Self Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Growing in self awareness Ask yourself about yourself Listen to others Actively seek information about yourself See your different selves Increase your open self Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Self in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Self Esteem – how valuable you think you are. Ways to increase self esteem Attack self destructive beliefs Seek out nourishing people Work on projects that will result in success Secure affirmation Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication Perception is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and people around us Interpersonal perception is a continuous series of processes that blend into each other We separate processes into five stages for study and analysis Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Five stages of perception Stage One: Stimulation Selective perception Selective attention (Only attend to what we like) Selective exposure (Expose ourselves only to what confirms our existing beliefs) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Stage Two: Organization (of received info) Rules Proximity (physically close things perceived as a unit) Similarity (similar things = a unit) Contrast (different things = don’t belong with each other. Schemata (schema) (mental templates /stereotypes/ developed via experience) Scripts (general idea of how some event should unfold; i.e. eating in a restaurant) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Perception in Interpersonal Communication (cont.) Stage Three: Interpretation and Evaluation Combined because they are simultaneous Stage Four: Memory (storing interp. to memory– What would you remember about Ben, the football player?) Stage Five: Recall (likely to recall info consistent with your schema OR contradicts your schema) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Formation Impression formation processes Self-fulfilling prophecy Implicit personality theory “Halo effect” (if you believe a person has some positive qualities, you’re likely to infer he also has other positive qualities) Ex. “Susan is cheerful, positive, and (outgoing, shy). “Reverse halo effect” or “horns effect” (opposite of halo) Perceptual accentuation (magnify what will satisfy your needs: a thirsty person will see a mirage of water) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Formation (cont.) Primacy-recency effect Primacy: What comes first exerts most influence (i.e. first impressions) Recency :What comes last exerts most influence. “Ben is smart, attractive, a good conversationalist, insecure, and selfish. “Ben is selfish, insecure, smart, attractive, and a good conversationalist.” Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Formation (cont.) Consistency (expect certain things to go together) “I expect my friend to (like, dislike) my friend.” Attribution of control “I couldn’t tear myself away from the beach. I wanted to get a tan.” (Selfish, therefore negative response) “I was driving here when I saw an old man get mugged. I broke it up and drove the couple home, but they didn’t have a phone, so I couldn’t call.” (Good Samaritan, therefore positive response) “I got in a car accident and was taken to the hospital.” (Feel sorry that he got into an accident) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management: Goals and Strategies Impression management – how to communicate to others the image of yourself you want them to see Self-presentation Identity-management Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) Impression management strategies To be liked Immediacy strategies– connects you to the other person Affinity seeking strategies – techniques to get others to like you Politeness strategies– make ourselves appear likeable (“Would you mind opening a window.” vs. “Open that window!” Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) Politeness and Face Positive face – desire to be seen favorably or positively by others Keep positive face – help someone look favorably Attack positive face – make someone look bad Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) Politeness and Face Negative face – desire to be autonomous or free to act as we wish Keep negative face – ask someone nicely to do something Attack negative face – order or command someone to do something Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) To be believed Credibility strategies (ex. emphasizing your education) To excuse failure Self-handicapping strategies To secure help Self-deprecating strategies Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Impression Management (cont.) To hide faults Self-monitoring strategies (closely censor what you share with others) To be followed Influencing strategies (stress your knowledge, expertise, or position) To confirm self image Image-confirming strategies (behaviors that confirm your self-image i.e. as a funny person) Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved