Organic Compound Nomenclature Chapter 22

Key Categories Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Alcohols Esters Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids Aromatics Amines

Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons All carbon bonds are single bonds to carbon or hydrogen Naming is based on length of longest carbon chain 1 carbon = methane 2 carbon = ethane 3 carbon = propane 4 carbon = butane 5 carbon = pentane 6+ carbon follows number sequences (hex, hept, oct, etc)

Alkanes Open-chain alkanes (without rings) all have the general formula CnH2n + 2, where n equals the number of carbon atoms

Alkyls An Alkyl is an alkane with one open bond, usually bonded to a non-carbon item Examples: Methane becomes a methyl unit Methyl bromide is methane where bromine replaces one hydrogen (CH3Br)

Alkenes and Alkynes Unsaturated Carbon Bonds = Not all carbon bonds are bonded to hydrogen Alkenes contain at least one double bond Alkynes contain at least one Triple bond Ethyne Ethylene

Alcohols Alcohols have an –OH bond attached to an end-of-chain carbon

Isomers 2 types – Stereo and structural Example: iso-propanol Stereo-isomer has to do with location of the end elements relative to other ends Structural isomers are where the differentiation is attached Example: iso-propanol Isopropanol Propanol

Isomers Structural Isomers are named by which carbon the active unit is attached to. The n- isomer is the straight chain (propanol, also called propyl alchohol) Isopropanol is really 2-isopropanol because the alcohol is attached to the 2 carbon.

Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and ketones contain a Carbonyl Group In a ketone, the carbonyl group is bonded to 2 other carbons In an Aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom Generic Aldehyde Acetone Formaldehyde

Esters & Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group at the end of the carbon chain COOH Generally weak acids Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form an ESTER where the carboxyl group (COO) is in the middle of the chain. Usually have sweet fruity odors

Esters and Carboxylic acids

Amines An Amine is a carbon chain with an NH3 attached. A derivative of ammonia where one N-H bond is replaced with a N-C bond. Naming uses amino- as prefix to name the compound 2-aminobutane

Aromatics Aromatic hydrocarbons is a special class of unsaturated cyclic compounds Simplest is benzene (C6H6) Best description utilizes hybridized sp2 orbitals to form C-C bonds and C-H bonds, while the remaining 2p orbital is used to create a delocalized pi (double) bond. Toluene Benzene