6 . 4 Antonymy (反意性) 09002050 이 경민

Contradictory terms Contrary terms Relative terms 6.4.1 Types of Antonymy Contradictory terms Contrary terms Relative terms

6.4.1 Types of Antonymy Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. There are a variety of ‘oppositeness’. They can be classified in to three major groups.

1. Contradictory terms They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit possibility between them. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. For example, ---- and there exists no such where the animal is both dead and alive. someone say in a technical sense it was alive but for practical purpose it was dead. The same applicable to -----and so on. If something is imperfect, no matter how slight the imperfection, the fact remains that the thing cannot be Perfact. An animal is either dead or alive present/ absent boy/girl male/ female true/ false

2. Contrary terms Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes rich/ poor, old/ young, big/ small, This kind of form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below. NORM huge/very big/big/quite big/medium sized/quite small/small/tiny Pole means 極 . Antonyms such as ----. Antonyms of this kind form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to nor pole nor to the other as shown below. Norm means standard. So if you can read 113 page, more examples to understand contrary terms. -----(txt 읽기)-단어 뜻. 알려주기

3. Relative terms This third type consists of relational opposites such as parent/ child, husband/wife, predecessor/ successor, employer/ employee. This type also includes reverse terms. sell/ buy A sells something to B. A sells it to B. B buys something from A The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without Suggesting the other. This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality, action or state of the other. ---- It is clear that two words of each pair are interdependent.

Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms 6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (1~4) .

6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition. Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.

6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than nor antonym. word antonyms fast : firm, secure loose fast : pleasure-seeking sober or wild dull : boring interesting fast is used in the sense of firm, or secure, then the antonym will be loose. When it means quick the antonym will be slow. And fast means pleasure-seeking or wild, the opposite will be sober.

6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively. We can say male/ female dog, but we cannot use these adjectives with bitch. man/ woman dog/ bitch In many pairs we find that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the specific Than the other the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general. Of the pair bitch are marked terms and their opposite is the unmarked.

6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (3) tall/short [36] How tall is his brother? [37] How short is his brother? [36] includes the meaning of [37]. [37] is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal. The same is true of ---. In each pair, the second terms is more restricted in use than the first. The use of tall dose not exclude the possibility of his brother being very short. [37] is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in the ‘shortness’ of his brother or curious enough to hind out how short his brother is.

6.4.2 Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms (4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each such has its own corresponding opposite. hot – warm – cool - cold The opposite of hot is cold and that of warm is cool. We can’t regard cool as the antonym of hot or cold as the antonym. intensity Hot and warm are synonyms. Their difference lies in intensity. Their difference lies in intensity. Correspondingly, they each have a difference antonym.

6, 4, 3 The Use of Antonyms

6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words. Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express to economically the opposite of a particular though, often for the sake of contrast.

6.4.3 The Use of Antonyms Many idioms are formed with antonyms, they look neat and pleasant, and sound rhythmic. rain or shine now or never here and there thick and thin weal and woe high and low friend or foe give and take Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve to emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. Easy come, easy go. More haste, less speed United we stand, divided we fall Proverbs and saying provide us with good ex So many great writers fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose. YOU can find 찰스 디킨즈 프렌티 레볼루션. Text and can easy to sunderstand.

6.5 Hyponymy (下意語)

6.5 Hyponymy animal flower lion rose tulip Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Super- ordinate terms animal flower Subordinate terms hyponyms lion rose elephant tulip These specific words are known as--. Ex-----The general words flower and animal are the subordinate terms. The general words flower and animal are super ordinate terms and the more specific ones ---are Subordinate terms. Hyponymous sets also include things like -----.

6.5 Hyponymy Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graph, with higher- order as superordinates above the lower subordinates. creature living things animal plant horse dog pig insect vegetable flower tree butterfly cabbage rose pine mare hound boar

6.5 Hyponymy Knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness and concreteness. [40a] Trees surround the water near our summer place. [40b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin. [41a] I met a writer who is the relation of a politician. [41b] I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley. [b] is better than sentence [a] !! Because in b the writer uses subordinates, which are concrete and precise, presenting a vivid verbal reader whreas in a the words sues are subordinates, which convey only a general and vague idea.

6 . 6 Semantic Field (意味場)

6.6 Semantic Field The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘colour’. Viewing the total meaning is this way is the basis of field theory. The words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields. fruits celery, lettuce, leek, cucumber, potato, carrot Colours red, orange, yellow, green, white, black, blue

6.6 Semantic Field Words in catch field are semantically related and define one another. It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist the word itself, but it rather spreads over the neighbouring words, because the neighbouring words identify the semantic field and help pin down the meaning.

6.6 Semantic Field The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal relations of the whole set alter. female male unmarried Miss Mr married Mrs neutral This is a simple and familiar example of this is one corner of the personal address system in modern English. 20 years ago, the semantic space was divided up as in. this.

6.6 Semantic Field The same semantic field has now reorganized itself as in : female male unmarried Miss Mr married Mrs neutral Ms Another point worth is that the semantic field of t same concept may not have the same members in different languages. Please refer to table for kinship.

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