Being a Muslim in Europe: attitudes and experiences Saffron Karlsen with James Nazroo Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University College London

Introduction Impact of socioeconomic disadvantage and racism among different ethnic groups Overlap between ethnic and religious affiliations Increase in religious discrimination since 9/11 “an anti-Muslim wind blowing across the European continent” (Modood 2003:100)

HSE1999 and EMPIRIC HSE 1999 economic status and occupation educational attainment social support EMPIRIC social and economic difficulties discrimination and harassment religion, religosity and spiritual beliefs ethnic identity

Religious differences in sociodemographic indicators

Religious differences in indicators of racism

Religious differences in health experience

Religious differences in socioeconomic status

Sociodemographic variation among Muslims

Variations in racist victimisation among Muslims

Variations in health experience among Muslims

Variations in social position among Muslims

To do: Other indicators in HSE and EMPIRIC Explore trends in sociodemographic, socioeconomic and health circumstances using ONS Longitudinal Study Linked data 1% sample from British censuses since registration data ( cases) Muslims in Europe study with European Social Survey

Muslims in Europe study: methods London: Follow-up to the EMPIRIC 141 Bangladeshi Muslims interviewed by telephone Madrid: Random sample of 205 Moroccan Muslims from a Council list of Moroccan nationals Berlin: Random sample of 225 Turkish Muslims from list of Turkish names from telephone directories

Muslims in Europe study: sample variations Time of migration: Turkish migration to Germany – late 1950s Bangladeshi migration to Britain – early 1960s Moroccan migration to Spain – 1980s Size of communities 119,000 Turkish Muslims in Berlin 156,000 Bangladeshi Muslims in London 20,000 Moroccan Muslims in Madrid

Muslims in Europe: sample variations

Feeling ‘at home’ in your country of residence Odds ratiosBirthplace Year of migration Country of residence: (London = 1) Madrid Berlin Age Citizenship of country of residence Perceptions and experiences of racism: (None = 1) Group treated with less respect Group experiences discrimination Personal experience of discrimination Year of migration-0.96 Not born in country of residence0.37- No trust in the media No trust in the police No trust in the government No trust in the EU No trust in the US government No trust in the UN

Attitudes towards immigration in Britain, Germany and Spain (Martinez-Herrera & Moualhi 2004)

Thanks to: ESRC, UCL and the ME team, especially Berta Álvarez-Miranda, Joachim Bruess and Ken Kollman Muslims in Europe Immigration experiences, citizenship, household characteristics, education, religious and ethnic identity, social capital and networks, political attitudes, discrimination, institutional trust, attitudes towards immigration European Social Survey Social trust, political attitudes, social exclusion, religion, discrimination, national and ethnic identity, immigration and asylum issues, citizenship, social networks