1 Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and Screen Cleanup Alternatives Select Final Cleanup Alternative Communicate Decisions to the Public Implement Selected Cleanup Alternative Determine Cleanup Standards Determine Available Resources Determine Site Reuse Objective Test Steps in the Risk Management Process Identify Technologies Identify Technical Process Options Risk/Benefit Analysis Cost/Benefit Analysis Cost Effective Analysis Legal Test Cost Effectiveness Implementability Policy Issues

Session Objectives  Understand the methods used by a risk manager to set up clean-up goals and objectives.  Understand how site redevelopment and available resources impact a projects’ clean-up goals.  Understand how environmental policy may impact goals and objectives.

Clean-up Goals and Objectives Defined  Clean-up goal: cleanup levels that are expected to be achieved.  Clean-up objective: provides a description of what the cleanup will accomplish.

Clean-up Objectives  Provide media specific objectives.  Form the basis for development of cleanup options.  Should not be too restrictive so as to limit alternative development.  Specify acceptable cleanup concentrations for each contaminant of concern, medium, and route of exposure.

Clean-up Objectives  Reexamined prior to cleanup alternative development.  Address all risks during all phases of cleanup action.  May change if site conditions change.  May change if site technical or non- technical information changes.

Example of a Clean-up Objective  Prevent ingestion of or direct contact with soil contaminated with lead at levels above 500 parts per million by on-site workers and visitors in t he wood treatment and storage area.  Prevent migration of lead that would result in groundwater contamination in excess of 50 parts per billion for lead.

Factors to Consider When Developing Clean-up Goals  Environmental policies  Site reuse and its possible impacts  Economics  Other factors (politics, public perception, legal considerations)

Environmental Policy Defined  Policy is a broad course of action, guiding principles, or procedure, considered to be expedient, prudent, or advantageous.

Impact of Site Reuse  May affect the level of cleanup at a site.  May affect the selection of a cleanup option or alternative.  May affect the selection of a cleanup technology.

Economics  Availability of Funding: Available cleanup funds may limit the scope of site cleanup.  Impact of the potential cleanup option on the local economy.  Impact of the selected cleanup option on the national economy.  The intrinsic value of a resource.

Other Factors to Consider  Technical factors. Availability Feasibility Implementability  Non-technical factors: Politics Legal issues Public perception Society's values

Session Summary  Develop initial cleanup goals and objectives  Revise cleanup goals and objectives  Consider technical factors  Consider non-technical factors

13 Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and Screen Cleanup Alternatives Select Final Cleanup Alternative Communicate Decisions to the Public Implement Selected Cleanup Alternative Determine Cleanup Standards Determine Available Resources Determine Site Reuse Objective Test Steps in the Risk Management Process Identify Technologies Identify Technical Process Options Risk/Benefit Analysis Cost/Benefit Analysis Cost Effective Analysis Legal Test Cost Effectiveness Implementability Policy Issues

Session Objectives  Understand how clean-up alternatives are developed  Understand how clean-up alternatives are screened  Understand how a clean-up alternative is selected

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Examples of General Clean-up Alternatives  Treatment  Engineering Controls  Collection and Discharge  Institutional Controls  No Action

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Technology Alternatives: Elements to Evaluate  Site specific data  Technical information  A technology type needs to be identified for each general cleanup alternative

Clean-up Alternative Technology Selection  Technical Factors to Be Considered Availability Feasibility Implementability

Clean-up Alternative Technical Information  Risk Reduction Data Impact of remedy on risk  Short-term  Long-term (performance)

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Identification of Technology Process Options  Identify the types of technologies that may be appropriate for a remedial alternative.  Define specific process for each technology type.  Identify representative examples of process options within a technology.

Example of Screening Criteria  Implementability  Effectiveness  Economic  Political Issues  Public Concern Issues  Benefit Analysis

Implementability  Technically and Administratively Feasible  Reliability, complexity, resources, etc.  Technology is appropriate for site location

Effectiveness  Meets goals and objectives?  Risks to receptors during implementation or construction of the technology?  Reliability (track record)?

Economic Issues  Cost to implement Direct Capital Indirect Capital Operation and Maintenance  Returning site to economic reuse

Political Issues  Objections to certain technologies  Incentives for certain technologies  Concern about cost and cost effectiveness

Public Concern Issues  Impact on community Noise Traffic Hazards Emissions Property values Time (how long will clean-up last?) Future of the site (redevelopment)

Benefit Analysis  Benefit analysis involves the comparison of: Effects on Environmental Protection Costs Measure of Confidence

Types of Benefit Analysis  Risk Benefit Analysis  Cost Benefit Analysis  Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Evaluating Intangibles  Consider Intangibles Subjectively Such as:  Preservation of Wilderness  Quality of Life

Choosing an Option  Calculate cost per unit of benefit  Factor in the intangibles  Consider the overall affordability Cost/Benefit = Cost of Clean-up Alternative Benefits

Example of Option Selection  Option 1: Groundwater Extraction with Off-site Treatment to Contain Pollution from Facility Cost Per Unit Benefit:  1 acre of wetland saved for every $1,000 spent. Intangibles:  Public acceptance,  Wildlife Preserved,  Localized depletion of groundwater resources leading to less water available for residential/industrial use nearby.

Example of Option Selection  Option 2: Insitu Soilwashing and Groundwater Bioremediation Cost Per Unit Benefit:  2 acres of wetlands saved for every $1,000 spent Intangibles:  Public unsure of long-term affects and success of remedy  Timeframe for cleanup of groundwater is long - greater than 10 years. Overall Affordability:  Within the cost of available funding

Example of Option Selection  Option 3: Placement of a Contaminant Barrier (slurry wall) Cost per unit benefit:  4 acres of wetlands saved for every $1,000 spent. Intangibles:  Public uncertainty over effectiveness,  Time frame for remediation is less short.  Long-term effectiveness (greater than 15 to 20 years) is unknown

Cost Effectiveness Analysis

How to Measure Effectiveness  Reduction in Toxicity  Reduction in Volume  Reduction in Mobility

 Diminishing returns (risk reduction) on the investment (money) over time Asymptotic Curve

Calculating Costs and Effectiveness  A simple cost-effectiveness comparison might look like this: Option 1 is the most cost effective; however, in the scenario, 12.5 additional miles of river could be cleaned-up for only $9,000, which might be selected based on policy goals.

Session Summary  Alternative Screening Risk Benefit Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis Cost Effectiveness Analysis Selection of pre-final clean-up alternative  Alternative Selection

41 Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and Screen Cleanup Alternatives Select Final Cleanup Alternative Communicate Decisions to the Public Implement Selected Cleanup Alternative Determine Cleanup Standards Determine Available Resources Determine Site Reuse Objective Test Steps in the Risk Management Process Identify Technologies Identify Technical Process Options Risk/Benefit Analysis Cost/Benefit Analysis Cost Effective Analysis Legal Test Cost Effectiveness Implementability

Session Objectives  Familiarity of and utilization with the procedures to select a remedial option.  Understanding of the importance of communicating the selected remedy to the public.

Selecting the Remedy  Questions to consider: Will a clean-up alternative meet risk management objectives? Is the remedy legal? Is the remedy technically and administratively implementable? Will the remedy be effective over time?

Selecting the Remedy (continued)  Questions to consider: Will the clean-up cause more harm then good? What is the opinion of the public and other stakeholders? Is the remedy cost-effective? Are resources available to design and implement the remedy?

Documenting the Decision  Purpose of Decision Public awareness and input Engineering use Legal record Decision record

Session Summary  Risk Management Decision Process Evaluation of Clean-up Alternatives Selection of Final Site Remedy Documentation to the Public