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Explaining the Universe Science:Model or Explanation Test Correction Iterate “Truth” -- All that’s left Model of the UniverseMyth Measurement Modern Science

All That’s Left Universe Unfolded on Itself in Space and Time Big Bang and Expanding Universe about 13 Billion Years ago Formed Galaxies from gas Formed Stars and Planets Earth & Sun about 4.6 Billion Years Old In this course we will explain why we think these things about the universe. Plus more….

Question: Why Are Our Atoms Arranged this Way? e.g. Why are our atoms on a planet, not in a black hole? HISTORY IS DESTINY Make assumption about initial state of matter and then follow what happens. eg solar system was a gas cloud that collapsed due to gravity Sun and Earth formed at same time

Formation of the Solar System Universe is about 13 Billion Years old (4x10 17 s) Milky Way 10 Billion Years old Sun and Planets – 4.6 Billion Years old Sun has done about 25 orbits of Milky Way Stars are being formed all the time -- some young, some old Stars are formed from clouds of gas

Starts as Thin Cloud Ensuing High Density Shocks Is Site of Collapse Spins Up Like Ice Skater

Swirling Gas Falls into “Disk Stability” 99.9% Ended in Sun (0.1% in Jupiter) Probably the Same Around All Stars -- Planets are Common Shoots Planet-Size Bullets into Space

Lots of Stars 100 Billion Stars in Milky Way 100 Billion Galaxies in Visible Universe Almost an Avagodro’s Number in Universe!

Catastrophe Theory Theory In Vogue When I was in Grade School – (1950’s ouch!) Two Stars Stray Near Each Other Close Orbit Pulled Gas from Sun Gas Formed Planets Predicts Planets Very Rare (Collisions Rare) Astronomy Advanced Hugely in 20 th Century

Question Why was the Solar System formed from a cloud of gas? a)The Universe started as diffuse gas b)Old stars explode to create new gas c)The galaxy makes new gas that must collapse d)Stars never collide so they cannot form solar systems

Galileo First Great Modern Scientist Quantitative Analysis Tenacious Pursuit of Truth Challenged Aristotle and Church Used Telescopes to Demolish Old Solar System View Persecuted In Italy – Celebrated Elsewhere

Isaac Newton ( ) Greatest Scientist of All Time Quantitative Prediction Mechanics, Optics, Math – Theory & Observation Two Basic Concepts Mass – Amount of Matter (Not Weight) Inertia – Tendency of Objects to Have Unchanged Motion

Motion x = v * t v = a * t x = ½ * a * t 2

Motion X 1 marks position in space at time t 1 X 2 marks position in space at time t 2 Position Velocity Change of Position with time v 1 is velocity at time t 1 v 2 is velocity at time t 2 Acceleration Change of Velocity with time

Question A spaceship accelerates from rest at 20gees (200m/s/s) steadily for 1.2 days (10 5 seconds). How far has it travelled? a)2x10 7 m b)5000m c)10 12 m d)10 4 m

Newton’s Laws Law #1: A body at rest or in motion remains that way unless acted upon by an outside force. Law #2: a=F/m Law #3: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Law #1 A body in motion remains that way unless acted upon by an outside force. No Forces Contact Forces (electrical) Gravity

Law #2 F=ma a=F/m Have a mass Apply a force Acceleration Results Note: Law #1 is special case of Law #2 (F=0 a=0) F = Force m = mass a = acceleration

Example of Law #2 Push Your Car ---- Large m implies large F to get any a Let m = 1000kg If you apply 20N (Newtons is the unit of force) a=20/1000=.02m/s accelerates.02m/s for every second you push Push for 10 seconds --- car will be moving.02m/sx10s= 0.2m/s (if on ice so no friction) (friction is yet another force)

Clicker Question A force of 250 Newtons is applied to a 100kg object. How fast does it accelerate? a)2.5m/s/s b)25m/s/s c)0.4m/s/s d)4m/s/s

Law #3 For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. For every ma there is an equal and opposite ma. Big one doesn’t move much Equal Mass Implies Equal Acceleration

But What is F? a=F/m not enough because we don’t know what F is. Need a new law to describe forces There are Four KNOWN Forces Gravity Weak Nuclear Force Electromagnetism Strong Nuclear Force In order of strength Gravity Weakest

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation (Law #3 Satisfied) G = 6.7x in mks units Value of G is measured. Nobody knows why it is the value it is. Electrical Force Equation Similar

Clicker Question What is the weight of a 100kg person standing on the surface of the Earth. (in Newtons) M=6x10 24 kg. R=6000km a) 6.7x10 21 N b) 1.6x10 8 N c) 1000N d) 6.7x10 -3 N

But What is a Force? Newtons Laws Give Value, and Show what to do. Force is an Exchange of Virtual Particles