Ch 16 -Blood Learning Objectives: Homework: Read Chapter 16 and practice Blood Typing Game (presented near end of chapter) Learning Objectives: 1. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of blood. 2. List the functions of blood. 3. Discuss the structure and function of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. 4. Give examples of blood disorders. Explain the mechanism of each disorder. 5. Describe clot formation. 6. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups.

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Just The Facts About Whole Blood Slightly _________ (pH = 7.34 – 7.45) Temperature (______ degrees F) Makes up __% of total body weight Average amount in body (males _____L, females _____L) Functions include O2 to _____, transporting metabolic ______ out of cells, transporting ________, maintaining body ________, maintaining normal ___, adequate fluid _______, body defense, clotting for injuries

Major Components of Whole Blood _______ (___%) – liquid portion of the blood, mostly water, dissolved solutes (plasma proteins such as the buffer albumin, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, etc.) _________ or white blood cells, and _________ (<1%) ________ or red blood cells (45%)

DISCUSSION Is blood blue when it is in your veins? And red only when it is exposed to air?

DISCUSSION continued What do you already know about red blood cells (RBC’s)?

Erythrocytes (RBC’s) Shape - small, __________ flattened discs with depressed centers Have a plasma membrane but no _______ in mature cells. Essentially, no ________ either. 97% ____________ (protein that functions in gas transport). FACT: A single RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules so each can scoop up about 1 billion molecules of O2

Where are RBC’s Made? Red bone marrow of the ______ skeleton and _____, _____ bones (____ and femur) Blood cell formation called hematopoiesis; RBC formation is called erythropoiesis __ oz new blood made every day

Know Your Erythrocyte Disorders Instructions: With a partner, quickly reference pgs 576 – 577. Describe what characterizes each disorder: (Estimated Time = 5-6 minutes) 1. anemias (describe the three caused by insufficient number of red blood cells, and the two caused by low hemoglobin content) 2. abnormal hemoglobin (thalassemias and sickle-cell disease) 3. polycythemia *NOTE: Learn these for your first test

Leukocytes (WBC’s) Have _____ and _______ Formation called leukopoiesis Crucial to our defense against ________

Granulocytes Neutrophils – ____ ________ of the WBC’s; twice as large as RBC’s; phagocytize ________ Basophils – _____ of the WBC’s; release histamines; contain heparin (an anticoagulant) Eosinophils – bi-lobed; kill parasitic _____ Do you know what phagocytize means? If not, look it up! Be curious & proactive in your study habits.

Agranulocytes (lack visible cytoplasmic granules) Lymphocytes – ______ ______ numerous WBC; not many in the blood – contained in the lymph. T-lymphocytes (fight tumors and viruses) Monocytes – the _______ WBC; circulate in the blood and can leave the bloodstream to enter tissues; fight ______, _______, and ______ infections such as TB

Learning More About Leukocyte Disorders Instructions: Individually, review the 2 disorders (leukemia and infectious mononucleosis), pgs 581 – 582 Describe the disorders and what has gone wrong in your notes. Need to know for test!

Platelets, page 583 Very small fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes Essential for ______ (coagulation). Stick to a damaged site & form a plug that seals the vascular break Platelet formation called _____________. Regulated by a hormone called thrombopoietin.

3 Steps Occur When Cut 1. 2. 3.

Platelet Disorders 1. thrombocytopenia 2. impaired liver function Instructions: Individually review “Bleeding Disorders”, page 589. Briefly describe the following disorders in your notes: (Estimated Time: 4-5 minutes) 1. thrombocytopenia 2. impaired liver function 3. hemophilia A Know for test!

DISCUSSION Do you know your blood type? Why is it important?

Blood Groups There are several types of blood grouping systems. ABO and Rh are the most well-known. In the ABO system, there are 4 blood types: 1. 2. 3. 4. And, a person is either Rh – or Rh +

Blood Groups continued The differences in human blood are due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called _______ (located on the surface of RBC’s) and ________ (proteins in the blood plasma). Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or _________, which is dangerous for individuals.

Type A If you belong to the blood group A, you have A ________ on the surface of your red blood cells and B _______ in your blood plasma.

Type B If you belong to the blood group B, you have B _________ on the surface of your red blood cells and A _______ in your blood plasma.

Type AB If you belong to the blood group AB, you have _____ A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and __ A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.

Type O If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have ______ A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have ____ A and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

Rh Factors Many people also have a ‘so called’ Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface. This is also an antigen and those who have it are called ____. Those who haven't are called Rh-. A person with Rh- blood does ___ have Rh antibodies naturally in the blood plasma.

Blood Group Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Reference Chart Blood Group Antigens Antibodies Can give blood to Can receive blood from AB A and B None AB, A, B, 0 A B A and AB A and 0 B and AB B and 0

Blood Typing Game http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/index.html

Other Blood Types & Systems http://www.bloodbook.com/type-sys.html http://www.redcross.org/news/bm/blooddonation/010315rare.html http://www.blood.co.uk/pages/world_blood.html