By Sudarshan Suresh Babu Noah Stashhower John Gomez Alex Poirier China and Korea after 1279 By Sudarshan Suresh Babu Noah Stashhower John Gomez Alex Poirier

P/S: Yuan Dynasty porcelain vase A: Unknown Name: Temple Vase Date: 1351 P/S: Yuan Dynasty porcelain vase A: Unknown M/T: white porcelain with cobalt blue underglaze F: Used to show male and female energy and symbols of major motifs during this era C: Dragons and Phoenixes were painted on these vases DT: Porcelain made from fine white clay and heated to extremely high temperatures to fuse into dense substance Ideas: Porcelain is portrayed as a luxury good and treasure.

N: Table with Drawers D: ca N: Table with Drawers D: ca. 1426-1435 P/S: Ming Dynasty with red lacquer A: Unknown M/T: Lacquered wood furniture F: the lacquer helps the wood from decaying C: lacquer wood is produced from sap of Asiatic sumac tree and has a lustrous surface DT: lacquer on this table was thick enough to be carved with symbols and motifs Ideas: Man techniques for decorating lacquer including mother of pearl and inlaying metals

N: Lofty Mount Lu D: 1467 P/S: Ming Dynasty, scroll A: Shen Zhou M/T: Hanging scroll, ink and color on paper F: To show virtue and character of nature C: Shen Zhou used lofty peaks of Mount Lu to express the grandeur DT: Bears inscriptions and seals called colophons Ideas: The inscriptions and seals are essential elements in the scroll

Both vases include one major central register, with centralized image and minor surrounding registers. There is a balance between male and female representation in each. In the “Warrior taking leave of his wife”, male and female figure are clearly portrayed. In the “temple vase” the male is represented by the dragon, the female is represented by the phoenix. -The “Temple vase” is symbolic in its representation. -The “Temple vase” has a theme of balance and tranquility. It focuses on the balance of man and woman, yin and yang. -The “temple vase” is decoration. The “warrior taking leave of his wife” is used as a pot for perfumes. -The “temple vase” is strictly 2 dimensional. -This is made of porcelain. -The “Warrior taking leave of his wife” is literal in the representation. -The “Warrior taking leave of his wife” has a war theme. -The “warrior taking leave of his wife” is used as a pot for perfumes. -The “Warrior taking leave from his wife” uses foreshortening in the representation of the people. -This is made of clay.

Yuan Dynasty (Summary and concepts you need to know) 1 The Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) increased trade between Europe and Asia dramatically 2 Skilled painters like Zhao Mengfu and Guan Daosheng, a married couple, emerge during this time period creating beautiful works of landscapes 3 Zhao also specialized in paintings of horses 4 Wu Zhen, a member of the literati, or scholar artists, emerges to create gorgeous portraits of bamboo 5 Huang Gongwang, a former civil servant and a teacher of Daoist philosophy, created Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains. This piece of art was a beautiful representation of nature including richly layered wet and dry brush strokes and ink- wash accents

6 Chinese porcelain achieves worldwide admiration while being a useful tool in everyday life 7 Dragon and Phoenix appear often on these vases creating a yin and yang which is a common Chinese belief Ming Dynasty (Summary) 1 Similarly to the Yuan, Beijing is home to the Ming Dynasty 2 Ming builders laid out Beijing as three nestled walled cities 3 The Forbidden City, created for royalty, had only 5 passageways that could be entered 4 The Chinese took a sense of pleasure in the Suzhou Gardens

5 The Orchard Factory was the leading Ming workshop for lacquered wood furniture 6 Official painters such as Shang Xi lived in the Forbidden City and the imperial family was their main subject of art 7 Calligraphy, or Chinese letters, becomes inscribed into paintings 8 Artist Shen Zhou focuses on the past with his famous painting during this period. A scroll to honor his teacher 9 Dong Qichang shows freer and more expressive style during this period 10 Wen Shu, descended from Zhao Mengfu, used delicate brush strokes and a restricted palette to become the finest painter of the Ming era. (Fig 27-13)

Qing Dynasty • Ming Dynasty internally collapses • Manchus of Machuria take over Northern China • Second emperor of Qing Dynasty conquers southern China • Many artists remained with a traditional art style • Some experimented with different brushstrokes, ink • Many believed to learn more, they must not copy the past • Modern European styles incorporated into Chinese art • Europeans in the Imperial court • European styles weren’t fully accepted • Many symbols were used in Chinese art during the Qing Dynasty • Potters used many colors and over glazing technique

Modern China • Qing Dynasty overthrown in 1912 • Communism begins to affect art pieces • Represent the struggle of the peasants • More than high officials represented in art • Traditional styles didn’t disappear entirely Korea • Koryo Dynasty lasted longer than most Chinese Dynasties • Ming emperors attempted to capture Korea, created the Choson Dynasty • Choson Dynasty lasts for about 500 years (1392-1910) • Large gateways created to symbolize power and authority

Concepts and ideas you need to know Modern Korea • Korea emerges split into 2 countries after world war 2 • South Korea emerges as an industrialized nation • Many artists combine native Korean and worldwide styles in their art

Questions Discuss the concept of primidorial line in Qing literati paintings 1 The concept of primidorial line was first experimented with by Shitao in (fig 27-14) 2 The concept calls for the use of only one single brushstroke per line 3 It was described as the root of all phenomena and representation 4 Shitao’s art was different from typical literati works

The foreign influences on Chinese art When the last Song Emperor fell to Kublai Khan, the art and culture began to change. The depiction of bamboo became very prevalent in Chinese art. It represented the ideal Chinese gentleman because it bends in adversity but it does not break. Bamboo painting became popular because of Guan Daosheng, the wife of the emperor. Then in the Yuan dynasty pottery began to advance. Floral design, dragons, and symbols began to appear. These changes appeared under the Mongol rule. Under the Qing Dynasty, artist began to experiment with massed ink and free brushwork patterns. Jesuit missionaries also came from Europe during this period. European artists introduced shadow and three dimensional painting into the Chinese art. Marxist influences also affected Chinese art. Sculptures in the full round began to appear.

More Info The Mongol Emperors who ruled over China had some influence over the Art created by the Chinese. Many artists who remained loyal to their former emperors, refused to collaborate with the Mongols, wanting to preserve and keep the Chinese form of Art pure. This is seen with the artist Wu Zhen, a man who refused to be apart of a society with Mongols. He lived alone and painted where the individual stalks of bamboo were admired, unlike Guan Daosheng, who painted bamboo in a bunch. The Mongols appreciated Chinese art, yet added influence by sharing ideas. (Use Fig. 27-2 and 27-3)

More Info 2. The Forbidden City was the Capital of China during the rule of the third Ming emperor, Yongle. He created this city in Beijing and had a perimeter of 6 miles. Beijing itself had a perimeter of 15 miles. The Forbidden City was given its name due to the difficulty to enter the city. The Forbidden City had a good layout for ceremonial rituals such as the entrance gateway and noon gate. There were 5 portals where the emperor would go through the middle one and all other highly ranked officials would use the other 4. These portals had a path that led through the city, to the Hall of Supreme Harmony where the emperor sat on a throne. (Figure 27-6)

More Info The pleasure gardens were created to represent scenes found in nature and artificial elements that man included. The pleasure gardens often had water, stone bridges, and many other aspects found in nature with certain elements added by man. The design of the gardens was to be pleasing and relaxing to the eyes upon entering and viewing the artwork surrounding you. These gardens were a place where high officials could get away and relax in the ever-changing scenery. Chinese poets said that the gardens had restorative effects on the mind and spirit. (Fig. 27-8, 27-7)

More Info As a part of the Yuan dynasty Zhao Mengfu is a skilled painter of animals and landscapes Zhao’s wife, Guan Daosheng creates famous bamboo paintings (Fig 27-2) The Bamboo symbolized the ideal Chinese gentleman (bends in adversity but doesn’t break) Wu Zhen emerges from literati to create famous paintings of nature, a common subject in literati art of the Yuan dynasty. Such as (Fig 27-3) Literati is a group of young scholar-artists Huang Gongwang uses richly layered brushstrokes in (Fig 27-4) to create one of the great literati paintings The Ming dynasty literati artists focused on the imperial family Also, painters created works of art to honor historical figures such as Shang Xi’s Guan Yu Captures General Pang De (Fig 27-10) Artist Shen Zhou focuses on the past with his famous painting during this period. A scroll to honor his teacher (fig 27-11) Dong Qichang shows freer and more expressive style during this period as shown in (fig 27-12)

More Info Communism and Chinese art After a long period of the Chinese people being oppressed under landlords and the high-Archie of government, Marxism triumphed. Chinese art was affected because sculpture began to show appear like “Rent collection courtyard”. It supported the Marxist government. It showed how bad thing used to be so when people looked at their lives under Marxist rule they would have a greater appreciation for the generosity of the government. Most of the art produced in this time period was propaganda supporting the government.

More Info Porcelain is made from a clay called kaolin mixed with ground petuntse. Chinese ceramists decorate porcelain with colorful designs and pictures. They apply a glaze and enamel. This offers glaze decorators a bright palette. Porcelain vases were donated to Buddhist temples as a prayer for peace, protection, and prosperity. Chinese used lacquer to cover wood. Techniques for decorating lacquer included inlaying metals and lustrous materials, mother of pearl for example. Also, Chinese pleasure gardens used rockwork. These architectural techniques were used in Korea and much of their architecture was similar to Chinese buildings and monuments.