You’ve seen these listed in the Week 1 “Presentations”...

Let’s have a closer look...

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

American Anthropology cultural / social physical archaeology linguistics You’ve already seen the fourfold approach of American Anthropology...

cultural / social physical archaeology linguistics So... we’re going to have a look at the... Peoples and Cultures of Europe and their...

And you’ll see these fields with your term project...

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

“culture” is –learned –shared –transmitted from generation to generation –based on symbols –integrated Main Characteristics

“culture” –learned –shared –transmitted from generation to generation –based on symbols –integrated Main Characteristics some focus on the idea that it involves “shared understanding”

“culture” is not inherited (i.e., is not biological) is not “instinct” Main Characteristics

“cultures” are groups of people sharing a common heritage (and usually a common language) Main Characteristics

“cultures” are “integrated” -- an idea that was pioneered and emphasized by the “pioneer” anthropologist Ruth Benedict Main Characteristics Ruth Fulton Benedict Patterns of Culture 1934

Ruth Fulton Benedict Patterns of Culture 1934

“cultures” are integrated Interact and change –the idea that some cultures (like “hunting and gathering” cultures, or the Amish) do not change is not correct Main Characteristics

The Concept of Culture Microculture –are smaller groups with distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –some people like to think of these as “local cultures”

The Concept of Culture Microculture –are smaller groups with distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –some people like to think of these as “local cultures”

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture local groups generally strive to preserve their cultural identity

The Concept of Culture microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques – e.g., Kurds – e.g., Australian Aboriginals local groups generally strive to preserve their cultural identity with... language food religion clothing cultural symbols

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

Microculture

A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014

A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014

A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014 The “Zorba” begins with a low sweeping motion. Eva Sevastiades, 19, Megan Solem, 15, and Tess Sevastiades, 15, start to dance. (Photo by Patra Sevastiades)

A Taste of Greece 22 nd Annual Food Festival 2014 Dima Sevastiades, Styli Regas and Demetri Bush wear their dance costumes for the Taste of Greece. (Photo by Patra Sevastiades)

“Greek Coffee”

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations –e.g., Greek-Americans – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Australian Aboriginals –e.g., Cajun –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

You can probably see signs of this in your area...

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985 Compare...

Microculture –a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions –local cultures The Concept of Culture Macroculture a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture

macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture... sometimes a people can be either a microculture or a macroculture, depending on how it is viewed...…

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

Gypsy Woman Nikolai Yaroshenko Russia.

Gitana Raimundo Madrazo

Roma boy in bear costume, part of entertainer team for working Christmas crowds. Budapest

Sándor Buffo Rigó Tata Gypsy Band Budapest Gypsy Orchestra

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) – e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Basques –e.g., Kurds The Concept of Culture

macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture

Plaça Catalunya Barcelona

Sami reindeer herder in Sweden 23 October

A Sami (Lapp) family in Norway between 1890(1890) and 1900.

macrocultures can include groups across nations – e.g., Basques – e.g., Rom (Gypsies) – e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture

microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations – Aztec – Maya – Zapata – Mixtec – Otomi – Tarascan – Yaqui – Tarahumara... The Concept of Culture contemporary and prehistoric

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach development and structure 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

comparative method –as a major approach to the study of human behavior –the comparative method compares things Main Characteristics Compare...

comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison” American Anthropologist, 56: (1954) Main Characteristics Compare...

comparative method –One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) “Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison ” American Anthropologist, 56: (1954) Main Characteristics Compare...

comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare...

comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare... process essentially refers to how things change or how things came to be the way they are now

the comparative method compares things for e.g.... Main Characteristics Compare...

for e.g., we’re going to compare three Greek villages... Kypseli Vasilika Peter Loizos’ village in Crete

and... Karporfora (Stan Aschenbrenner) Thessalonikia (Salonika) Duluth, Minnesota

Villages in the Republic of Ireland (the textbook, Nan) Villages in Italy (A Crisis of Births, by Krause) and...

Inish Óirr, in the Aran Islands, off the west coast of Ireland Gyönk, and other villlages in Hungary Italy and...

and items like “culture bound syndromes” are compared with similar phenomena that are thought to be “universal”.... Main Characteristics Compare...

comparative method –Other methods... compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process Main Characteristics Compare...

the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize – Mexico wheat – Turkey rice – China manioc – Brazil millet – Africa Main Characteristics Compare...

Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p rice 7,000 ybp manioc 4,200 ybp maize 4,200 ybp wheat 10,500 ybp millet 4,000 ybp Compare...

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production Neolithic Chapter 14 Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed. “Food Production” A Biocultural Revolution

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic

Early Neolithic sites Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p Compare...

The Neolithic Revolution = The Agriculture Revolution

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production Neolithic

Mehrgarh One of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed., p Compare...

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique Main Characteristics of Anthropology

American Anthropology cultural / social physical (bio-physical) archaeology linguistics Holism tries to put all of the pieces together...

let’s have a look at that on the “Anthropology and... Its Parts” chart...

NOTE: Usually anthropologists read charts from the bottom up That has to do with the fact that in archaeology the oldest layers are at the bottom of a site and the newer ones are on top

cultural / social physical archaeology linguistics So... we’re going to have a look at the... Peoples and Cultures of Europe and their...

NOTE: There are four levels... (REM: read from the bottom up)

HOLISM Involves all four levels and all of the physical and cultural components combined

holism

Anthropology

... and the two main divisions of Anthropology are bio-physical and cultural...

Anthropology Bio-physical

Anthropology Socio-cultural Bio-physical

... biophysical involves things like...

Europeans are some of the few peoples of the world that can drink milk without getting sick

... but ultimately anthropologists seek to study phenomena in terms of both physical and cultural aspects...

... but ultimately anthropologists seek to study phenomena in terms of both physical and cultural aspects as well as other aspects, for e.g., the psychological...

“Eating Disorders are about feelings, not food.” The Eating Disorder Foundation

... and that ultimately involves lots of subdisciplines...

holism

physical measuring

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics......

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics structural and historic linguistics...

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics structural and historic linguistics... Bio-physical

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics structural and historic linguistics... Bio-physical Cultural |

physical measuring excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics structural and historic linguistics... Bio-physical Cultural | Anthropology

physical measuring Cultural Anthropology body size / shape,... body structure / function DNA,... art / literature, museums... kinship, economics, religion, politics structural and historic linguistics... excavation, preservation, reconstruction... participant / observation prehistoric cultures... industrial- age... Bio-physical Our Main Emphasis in Anthropology of Europe

some examples of holistic comparative work include...

In some ways this chart business is all about Theory but key theory that is important to the understanding of the Anthropology of Europe

holism theory

holism theory including results of interdisciplinary study, esp. with history, art history, political science, sociology, business and economics...

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique -- involving “participant observation” Main Characteristics of Anthropology

Note two terms in the “major characteristics of anthropology” listing...

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4. fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” Main Characteristics

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4. fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” Main Characteristics what’s the difference?

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool data gathering technique — participant observation (fieldwork)

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool Anthropologists use other tools... like questionnaires, interview schedules, psychological tests, documentary filming... but “participant observation” is a characteristic technique use by anthropologists, especially cultural anthropologists (ethnologists)

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool Anthropologists use other tools... like questionnaires, interview schedules, psychological tests, documentary filming... but “participant observation” is a characteristic technique use by anthropologists, especially cultural anthropologists (ethnologists) NOTE:

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = approach = tool how you use information

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool other tools include things like...

1. culture as a primary concept 2. comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior 3. holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal 4.fieldwork as a primary research technique, involving “participant observation” = how you get information Main Characteristics = tool questionnaires interview schedules videotaping using “unobtrusive measures” after Marion Nestle, Food Politics, Rev. Ed., 2007, pp

Anthropologists often like to use a research “technique” based on “unobtrusive measures”... (either in the field or elsewhere)

“unobtrusive measures” analysis of data available supply data analysis (production + imported - exported) (goods available for consumption) composition analysis... analysis of video and photographic materials analysis of cultural artifacts

But most of all (generally) Anthropologists LOVE...

1. the four fields of general anthropology 2.culture as a primary concept 3.comparative method as major approach 4.holism as a primary theoretical goal 5.fieldwork as a primary research technique -- involving “ participant observation” Main Characteristics of Anthropology

And as I mentioned in the “An Important Note on Videos and Visual Anthropology” note we would LOVE to take you along with us around the world, but the next best thing we can do is bring the world to you in the form of films and videos. And we’ll do a lot of that...