 The four principal parts of a verb are as follows:  Infinitive (base form)  Present Participle  Past  Past Participle

 Infinitive: to work  Present participle: (is) working  Past: worked  Past participle: (have) worked  Helping verbs are used with the present participle and past participle to form some tenses.

 A regular verb forms its past and past participle by adding –d or –ed to the infinitive.  Use/(is) using/used/(have used)  Drown/(is) drowning/drowned/(have)drowned  Irregular verbs form past and past participle in some other way than by adding –d or –ed.  Ring/ring/rang/(have) rung  Burst/burst/burst/(have) burst

 Complete Exercise 1, page 188  Complete Exercise 2, page 193

 Active Voice: the verb expresses action done by its subject.  Sarah ate the cake.(Sarah does the action of eating)  Passive Voice: Action done to the subject.  The cake had been eaten by the time Carlos got there. (The action of eating was done to the cake)  NOTE: Verbs in the passive voice always include a form of to be and the past participle of the main verb.

 Exercise 5, page 247

Past Perfect Past Present Perfect Present Future Perfect Future

 Past Perfect – happening before a specific time in the past. (I had written.)  Past – happening in the past. (I wrote.)  Present Perfect – happening sometime before now. (I have written.)  Present – now. (I write.)  Future Perfect – happening before a specific time in the future. (I will have written.)  Future – happening in the future. (I will write.)

 The main thing to remember about verb tense is that you shouldn’t mix them.  When we were comfortable, we begin to do our homework. (Change begin to began to keep the tense in the past.)  Know how to recognize errors in verb tense and how to fix them.  “Keep the dead dead.”

 Exercise 4, page 245  Rewrite numbers 1 – 3 in the past tense.  Then rewrite numbers 1 – 3 in the present tense.