History of “modern” Egypt 16 th – 18 th centuries: Ottoman (Turkish) rule 1798: Napoleon invades 1882: British invade 1910s: Nationalist Movement 1919: Egyptian revolt 1922: limited Independence 1952: Army Coup – Nasser -- independence

Napoleon Invades Egypt 1798

Battle of the Pyramids

Napoleon “liberates” Egypt from Ottoman Empire

“Battle of Nile” 1798: British Adm. Nelson defeats Napoleon

1882 British attack Alexandria Invade Egypt & establish colony

After bombardment: anti-European riots

Alexandria after attack 1882

Alexandria after attack British at Pyramids

World War I Allies promise Arabs independence in exchange for cooperation against Germany Britain and France secretly agreed to divide Middle East as colonies after WWI (“Sykes- Picot pact”) Britain increased military in Egypt, forced Egyptians to sell cotton & fodder below market price, conscripted 500,000 Egyptians

World War I 1917 Bolshevik Revolution: Sykes-Picot pact revealed Occupation + economic hardships + Sykes-Picot betrayal fueled nationalist movement Saad Zaghlul emerged as leader Delegation – wafd – to negotiate independence at Paris Peace Conference, but exiled

1919 Saad Zaghlul & Wafd

1919 Egyptian Revolution

Egyptian Independence 1922: Britain granted Egypt independence Created parliament + monarchy on British model Kept rights to military occupation that allowed control of Egyptian politics until 1952 coup by Gamal Nasser and “Free Officers”

1952 “Free Officers” Coup Gamal Nasser

Nasser Era Arab Nationalism –Unite M.E. as “Arab nation” inclusive of all religions –Many leaders were Arab Christians Democracy and moderate socialism Leader of newly-independent “Third World” non-aligned nations –Neutral in Cold War between U.S. and U.S.S.R.

Nasser Era – con’t Social progress: –Land reform –Education –Health care –Guaranteed jobs –Economic growth Initial popular enthusiasm Cult of personality  dictatorship

1967 Crushing defeat by Israel showed failure of Nasser and of “Arab nationalism” Period of “self-criticism” by intellectuals and artists Youth begins turning to Islam –Mosques begin filling –Young women put on headscarves and veils –Gov’t supports Islamists to undermine leftists

Spring Protests

Egypt 1970s s: liberal-leftist opposition crushed; gov’t supports Islamists 1981:Sadat assassinated by Islamists 1990s: Islamist attacks 2000s: increasing piety decreasing Islamism

January: Midan Tahrir “Freedom Square”

Mubarek: “President” to prisoner