Supporting Technology Commercialization Initiatives: A New Role for the Academic Business Library SLA 2007 Denver, CO Business & Finance Division College & University Business Libraries June 5, 2007 Karen I. MacDonald, MBA, MLIS Texas A&M University Copyright: Karen I. MacDonald, June 2007

Technology Transfer “the process by which products of scientific investigation are implemented for the public good” “the process whereby invention or intellectual property from academic research is licensed or conveyed through use rights to a for-profit entity and eventually commercialized”

Bayh – Dole Act Provisions File a patent application in the US Grant the government a non-exclusive, non-transferable license to the invention Take steps to commercialize inventions Grant exclusive or non-exclusive licenses Favor US industry for manufacture Favor small business for exclusive licenses Apply income to research or educational endeavors

Source: US Patent & Trademark Office Utility Patents Granted to US Universities

Source: Association of University Technology Managers US University Commercialization Activities

Small Business & Economic Development University spin-offs are engine of economic growth More than 60% of new jobs More than 50% of GDP Information-intensive businesses

Technology Transfer Office TTOs at most universities & colleges TTO officers tend to be deal-makers Focused on technical issues / patentability Focused on legal aspects of licensing Insufficient attention to marketing issues Market feasibility Marketing strategy Supply chain resources Distribution strategies

Entrepreneurship Future of management education US Entrepreneurship education 2,200 courses at 1,600 schools 277 endowed positions At least 44 refereed academic journals More than 100 funded research centers Training for non-business students 60% of people aged 18 – 29 say they want to start their own business

Business School University Technology Transfer Office Engineering Life Sciences Physical Sciences Programs Entrepreneurship Cross-training Licensing Fees Equity Business Start-ups Experiential Learning for Students Student Research Assistance Patents Licenses/Equity Venture Capital Employment Opportunities Business Library Copyright: Karen I. MacDonald, June 2007

Business School University Technology Transfer Office Engineering Life Sciences Physical Sciences Programs Entrepreneurship Cross-training Licensing Fees Equity Business Start-ups Experiential Learning for Students Student Research Assistance Patents Licenses/Equity Venture Capital Employment Opportunities Business Library Copyright: Karen I. MacDonald, June 2007

Strategies & Tactics Broad-based marketing is essential Think outside the business school BI opportunities in business-related courses in other programs Promote walk-in classes for non-business students & faculty Participate in Entrepreneurship events Collaborate with community agencies to reach small businesses

Benefits of Broader Role Demonstrates libraries are aligned with a key mission of the university Increase relevance of the library Improves the value-added proposition Increase ROI on investment in the collection Increase profile of university with business and potential new faculty Opportunity to promote information literacy to a broader audience

Selected Bibliography / 1 Acs, Z. J. and L. Szerb (2007). "Entrepreneurship, economic growth and public policy." Small Business Economics 28(2/3): Agrawal, A. K. (2001). "University-to-industry knowledge transfer: literature review and unanswered questions." International Journal of Management Reviews 3(4): Bacdayan, P. (2002). "The public business school in economic development." Journal of Education for Business 78(1): Bercovitz, J. and M. Feldmann (2006). "Entrepreneurial universities and technology transfer: A conceptual framework for understanding knowledge-based economic development." Journal of Technology Transfer 31(1):

Selected Bibliography / 2 Bessette, R. W. (2003). "Measuring the economic impact of university-based research." Journal of Technology Transfer 28(3/4): Binks, M., K. Starkey, et al. (2006). "Entrepreneurship education and the business school." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 18(1): Boni, A. A. and S. T. Emerson (2005). "An integrated model of university technology commercialization and entrepreneurship education." Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth 16: Bradshaw, T. K., T. Munroe, et al. (2005). "Economic development via university-based technology transfer: strategies for the non-elite universities." International Journal of Technology Transfer and Commercialization 4(3):

Selected Bibliography / 3 Brouwer, M. (2005). "Entrepreneurship and university licensing." Journal of Technology Transfer 30(3): Feldman, M. and P. Desrochers (2003). "Research universities and local economic development: Lessons from the history of the Johns Hopkins University." Industry and Innovation 10(1): Friedman, J. and J. Silberman (2003). "University technology transfer: Do incentives, management, and location matter?" Journal of Technology Transfer 28(1): Henderson, J. A. and J. J. Smith (2002). Academia, industry, and the Bayh-Dole Act: An implied duty to commercialize. Boston, MA, In White Paper, Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology:

Selected Bibliography / 4 Hoppe, H. C. and E. Ozdenoren (2005). "Intermediation in innovation." International Journal of Industrial Organization 23(7/8): James, F. T. (2003). "Technology transfer emerging issues "high impact trends"." Journal of Technology Transfer 28(3/4): Kuratko, D. F. (2005). "The emergence of entrepreneurship education: Development, trends and challenges." Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 29(5): Lazzeroni, M. and A. Piccaluga (2003). "Towards the entrepreneurial university." Local Economy 18(1): Lerner, J. (2005). "The university and the start-up: Lessons from the past two decades." Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1/2):

Selected Bibliography / 5 McDowell, G. R. (2003). "Engaged universities: Lessons from land-grant universities and extension." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 585(1): Meyer, M. (2006). "Academic inventiveness and entrepreneurship: On the importance of start-up companies in commercializing academic patents." Journal of Technology Transfer 31(4): Mowery, D. C., R. R. Nelson, et al. (2001). "The growth of patenting and licensing by U.S. universities: an assessment of the effects of the Bayh-Dole act of 1980." Research Policy 30(1): Mowery, D. C. and B. N. Sampat (2005). "The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 and university-industry technology transfer: A model for other OECD governments?" Journal of Technology Transfer 30(1/2):

Selected Bibliography / 6 Mueller, P. (2006). "Exploring the knowledge filter: How entrepreneurship and univeristy-industry relationships drive economic growth." Research Policy 35(9): Niosi, J. (2006). "Introduction to the symposium: Universities as a source of commercial technology." Journal of Technology Transfer 31(4): Powers, J. B. and P. P. McDougal (2004). "University start-up formation and technology licensing with firms that go public: a resource based view of academic entrepreneurship." Journal of Business Venturing 20(3): Premkamolnetr, N. (1999). "Collaboration between a technological university library and tenant firms in a technology park in Thailand." Asian Libraries 8(12):

Selected Bibliography / 7 Shane, S. (2004). "Encouraging university entrepreneurship? The effect of the Bayh-Dole Act on university patenting in the United States." Journal of Business Venturing 19(1): Siegel, D. S., D. A. Waldman, et al. (2004). "Toward a model of the effective transfer of scientific knowledge from academicians to practitioners: qualitative evidence from the commercialization of university technologies." Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 21(1/2): Stevens, A. J. (2004). "The enactment of Bayh-Dole." Journal of Technology Transfer 29(1): Studt, T. (2004). "The 10 rules of technology transfer." R & D 46(2).