ICT AND SMART GRIDS GERARD J.M. SMIT CHAIR CAES (COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS)

2 BACKGROUND: EU / GOVERNMENT STATEMENT  EU statement scenario: in 2020:  20% CO 2 reduction (compared to 1990)  20% of generated energy stems from renewable sources  20% better energy-efficiency  EU statement:  … scenario is not possible without ICT support … [“Mobilising ICT to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low- carbon economy”, COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COM(2009) 111 final, Brussels,]

3 TRENDS & FOCUS  Trend 1: More distributed (renewable) generation  Micro-CHP, solar cells, wind energy, bio-gas, ….  Micro-generators at kilowatt level placed in homes/companies  Trend 2: Smart Grids for energy distribution  Trend 3: Smart Buildings / Intelligent buildings / smart appliances  Trend 4: Electrification of energy distribution

CURRENT SITUATION For all forms of energy: electricity, gas, heat, …. 4

FUTURE: DISTRIBUTED GENERATION  Larger peak loads in consumption and production 5

6 CHALLENGES IN SMART GRIDS / RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES  Micro-generation not always available / predictable  Solar cell only works during daytime  micro-windmill works when there is wind  Micro-generation not always controllable  sometimes delivers energy when it is not needed  Expect higher peaks in consumption patterns  the heating elements of heat pumps  the simultaneous charging of electric vehicles  Find and use the flexibility in buildings / micro-grid  Storage of energy is needed  storage is expensive and bulky  heat storage, batteries

7  Large distributed system  High reliability: should continue even when some parts fail  Hierarchical control system: scalable to large systems  Find a generic approach  Covering multiple scenario’s, objectives and technologies  Local and global optimization  Stochastic behavior  Find and use the energy-flexibility of buildings  Non-technical issues  Privacy  Guaranteed comfort level for resident  Who is benefitting economically from this? 7 CHALLENGES FOR THE ICT FOR SMART GRIDS

STAKEHOLDERS IN SMART GRIDS  Individual user (security of supply)  Independence of energy suppliers  Independence of foreign gas/oil supply  Group of users (act on the energy market)  Buy electricity when it is cheap  See electricity when it is expensive  Network company (postpone investments in grid infrastucture)  Avoid peaks in the distribution grid  Self-healing network  Large energy companies (??) 8

9 TYPICAL CONSUMPTION PROFILE OF A HOUSE Source: Essent

Profile of an area with PV panels 10 [MW] Source RWE

11 8/8/ TRIANA: 3 STEP CONTROL METHODOLOGY PhD theses Albert Molderink, Vincent Bakker and Maurice Bosman 1: prediction on building level 2: planning in a grid 3. real-time control in buildings

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF ICT?  Control production / consumption and storage  Real-time optimization problem  Predict the production and consumption patterns  Monitoring and control of power systems  In an autonomous system power quality needs to be controlled  Switch between islanded and connected mode  Financial transactions  who pays for what  User awareness  show users status of the system 12

YEAR SIMULATION CASE  400 houses, 365 days  Heat pump + buffer  Electric vehicles  Washing machine  Dishwasher  Battery (5% of houses)  Photovoltaics (15% of houses)  Inflexible load Flexible 13

RESULTS 14  28% peak reduction  25% std. deviation reduction

15 CONCLUSIONS  The energy field will change  From production follows the load  To load follows production  3 steps: Prediction, planning and control is quite promising  Not many systems work in that way  Efficient embedded ICT needed  Control of appliances (micro-controllers)  In-building networks (wireless / wire-line / optical)  Energy management in buildings  Smart grid control

16 QUESTIONS? web: caes.ewi.utwente.nl or et.ewi.utwente.nl