 Genetic Engineering Uses:  Cure Diseases  Treat Genetic Disorders  Improve Food Crops  Improve Human Lives

 Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA into pieces  R.E. recognizes specific nucleotide sequences

 Single chain “tails” of DNA that are created on each DNA segment  Sticky Ends readily bond to complementary chains of DNA

 Restriction Enzymes can isolate specific gene  Can be transferred by a cloning vector to an organism PLASMID  Small ring of DNA found in bacteria that can serve as a cloning vector

 Restriction enzymes cut the plasmid open.  Donor gene is spliced in to the plasmid Specific gene isolated from another organism  Plasmid is returned to the bacterium  The gene is replicated as the bacterium is copied EACH PLASMID HAS A GENE CLONE- exact copy of gene

 Plasmids transfer a gene to a bacterium so it will produce a specific protein. EXAMPLE: INSULIN production  Large quantities are produced by inserting a human gene for insulin into a bacterium

 Isolate Human DNA and Plasmid from DNA  Use Restriction Enzyme to cut DNA  Splice the DNA into the plasmid to create a GENOMIC LIBRARY Thousands of DNA pieces from a genome that have been inserted into a cloning vector 13-4a

Recombinant DNA:  DNA from 2 or more sources 13-4c

DNA Fingerprints:  Pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individuals DNA.  Banding patterns can be determined how closely related different organisms are.

RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 1. Remove DNA and cut into fragments with restriction enzymes 2. Separate the fragments with Gel Electrophoresis  Procedure that separates nucleic acids based on size and charge.

3. Make visible only the bands being compared. DNA fragments are blotted onto the filter paper. 4. Form PROBES :  Radioactive segments of DNA complementary to the segments being compared.  Form visible bands when exposed to photographic film.  Bands can be analyzed

 Based on how unique the prints are  A complete DNA sequence is NOT USED, only a small portion.  VERY ACCURATE since they focus on unique regions – (non-coding areas)  They look for repeat patterns at 5 different sites.  LESS than 1 in 1 million chance of non- twins having the same patterns

 Procedure for making many copies of the selected segments of the available DNA  PIC

1. A sample of DNA 2. A supply of the 4 DNA Nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G) 3. DNA Polymerase (enzyme that glues DNA) 4. PRIMERS: > Artificially made single strand of DNA required to initiate replication

What is needed and the procedures: 5. Incubation (with all ingredients) 6. DNA will quickly double – Every 5 minutes 7. New samples will make a DNA fingerprint 8. Only need about 50 blood cells to make a sample rather than 5,000 to 50,000 for RFLP analysis.

THE START OF THE PROJECT:  In 1990, the National Institutes of HEALth (NIH) and the Department of ENERGY joined with international partners in a quest to sequence all 3 billion base pairs, In the human genome.  Projected to take 15 years to complete

 The Completion of the Project:  In April 2003, researchers successfully completed the Human Genome Project  Under budget and more then 2 years ahead of schedule

What have we achieved with the HGP:  Fueled the discovery of more than 1,800 disease genes  There are more than 1,000 genetic tests for human conditions

The Future:  Completion of the HapMap (a catalog of common genetic variation, or haplotypes)  Genetic factors for many common diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and mental illness, will be found in the next few years.

 Currently too costly ( approx $20,000 as of July 2010)  NIH will strive to cut the cost of sequencing an individual’s genome to $1,000 or less.  Having one’s complete genome sequence will make it easier to diagnose, manage, and treat many diseases.

 Powerful form of preventive, personalized, and preemptive medicine.  Tailoring recommendations to each person’s DNA, health care professionals will be able to work with individuals to focus efforts on the specific strategies EXAMPLES:  Diet and high-tech medical surveillance

 Technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.  Treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery. EXAMPLES:  Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene.  Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.  Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease

 Nasal sprays for CF patients

Gene Therapy has had limited success  It poses one of the greatest technical challenges in modern medicine 1. Corrected gene must be delivered to several million cells 2. Genes must be activated 3. Concern that the genes may go to the wrong cells. 4. Concern that germ cells (sex cells) would get the genes and be passed to offspring.

5. Immune response- body will fight off the vector as a foreign invader. 6. Gene gets “stitched” into a wrong space and knocks out an important gene Patients treated for SCID’s developed Leukemia- It was found that new gene interfered with a gene that controls the rate of cell division.

 Altering GERM-LINE (sex cells)  Genetic enhancement  Concerns with past practices of EUGENICS- Adolf Hitler eu·gen·ics The study of hereditary improvement of the human race by controlled selective breeding.

 Pic

 Can be produced more inexpensively INSULIN: produced in bulk by bacteria

 VACCINE: Harmless version of a virus or bacterium  DNA technology may produce safer vaccines

 Can insert genes into plants to make them resistant to pests  Crops that don’t need fertilizer  Ex: Genetically enhanced tomatoes that ripen without becoming soft

 FDA requires scientific evidence that allergy- inducing properties have not been introduced into the food.  If a food contains a new protein, carbohydrate, or fat it must be approved by the FDA for sale.  Concerns that they could spread creating “SUPERWEEDS”

 Examples of Super weeds

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