Compilation and interpretation of primary and secondary sources of information. The integration of different sources will consolidate the write up of the report. DATA COLLECTION

SOURCES OF INFORMATION Primary Source Data is collected by researcher himself Data is gathered through questionnaire, interviews, observations etc. Secondary Source Data collected, compiled or written by other researchers eg. books, journals, newspapers Any reference must be acknowledged

STEPS TO COLLECT DATA DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION ( Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report) REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION ( Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report) PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION (Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report) PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION (Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report) DATA COLLECTION

METHODS USED TO COLLECT PRIMARY SOURCE DATA 1.Interviews 2.Questionnaires 3.Survey 4.Experimentation 5.Case Study 6.Observation However, for a small-scale study, the most commonly used methods are interviews, survey questionnaires and observations.

Effective way of gathering information INTERVIEW Involves verbal and non-verbal communications Can be conducted face to face, by telephone, online or through mail

Steps To An Effective Interview Prepare your interview schedule Select your subjects/ key informants Conduct the interview Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview

The most common data collection instrument Survey Questionnaire Useful to collect quantitative and qualitative information Should contain 3 elements: 1.Introduction – to explain the objectives 2.Instructions – must be clear, simple language & short 3.User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions

2 Basic Types of survey questions: 1.Open-ended Questions –Free-response (Text Open End) –Fill-in relevant information 2.Close-ended Questions –Dichotomous question –Multiple-choice –Rank –Scale –Categorical –Numerical Note: For specific examples and students’ activities on each question style, please refer to the notes on Data Collection in the e-learning.

Steps To An Effective Survey Questionnaire Prepare your survey questions (Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies) Select your respondents/sampling Random/Selected Administer the survey questionnaire (date, venue, time ) Analyze and interpret data collected Tabulate data collected (Statistical analysis-frequency/mean/correlation/% ) A sample of complete survey questionnaire

Observe verbal & non-verbal communication, surrounding atmosphere, culture & situation Observations Need to keep meticulous records of the observations Can be done through discussions, observations of habits, rituals, review of documentation, experiments

Steps To An Effective Observation Determine what needs to be observed (Plan, prepare checklist, how to record data) Select your participants Random/Selected Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs ) Analyze and interpret data collected Compile data collected

DATA ANALYSIS 3. In a small scale study, the most common forms of statistical analysis presented are: Frequency Mean Percentage 1. To analyse data from interviews and observation, use Summary sheet Checklist 2. To analyse data from questionnaires, use Manually SPSS

DATA INTERPRETATION 1.It involves 2 terms ‘Results’ – presentation of data/findings (statistics) ‘Discussion’ – interpretation of data/findings 2.Things to consider when interpreting your data: Interpret findings based on the purpose and objectives of your study Relate the findings to real life context Use persuasive language to convince your readers to see the research from your point of view. Order your interpretation to highlight the most important findings Include limitations to your research. Use simple, clear language