Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Personality Structure Each individual personality is divided into three separate and distinct sources of behaviour P Parent A Adult C Child ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne The PAC represent skeletal-muscular and verbal patterns of behaviour and feelings based on emotions and experiences perceived by people in their early years Parent Nurturing Helping and supportive behaviour Critical Criticism, control and punishment Contains instructions, attitudes and behaviours handed down by parents and significant authority figures ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Adult Operates logically and non emotionally, problems solving, using information to make decisions without emotion. Child Adaptive child Emerges as the result of demands of authority and is marked by passivity Natural or Free Child Impulsive, untrained, self loving, and pleasure seeking The Child contributes joy, creativity, intuition, pleasure and enjoyment. ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Structural Analysis The identification of what element of the personality is responding to the situation and how appropriate that is. ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Personality Operation Berne believed that people have the rationality and freedom to make decisions and solve their own problems The well adjusted person allows the situation to determine which ego state is in control attempting to strike a balance between all three. Transaction A unit of human communication or a stimulus response connection between two people’s ego states. ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Transactional Analysis Bill Tom P P A A C C

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Types of Transactions Complementary “the natural order of healthy human relationships,” occurs when a response comes from the ego state to which it was addressed Crossed When a response comes from an ego state not addressed or not appropriate to the situation Covert Response which overtly appears to be directed at one ego state but covertly is addressed at another -sarcasm, teasing,

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Complementary Crossed Covert P P A A C C

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Script Analysis A life script is that life plan the individual’s “child” selected early in their developmental years base mostly on the overt or covert messages or injunctions received from the “child” in your parents Injunctions Authoritative directives Scripts are the characteristic way we structure our transactions ~

Five Component Parts of Scripts Directions from parents 2. Patterned personality development 3. A confirming childhood decision about identity 4. A penchant or inclination for either success or failure A pattern of behaviour ~

Game Analysis Game An ongoing series of complementary ulterior transactions progressing to a well defined predictable outcome. – manipulation Homeostasis The tendency of an individual to maintain internal psychological equilibrium by regulating his or her own intrapsychic process – status quo – Game playing functions to maintain homeostasis in biological, existential, internal psychological, external psychological, internal and external social areas ~

Life Positions I’m OK and you’re OK - healthy I’m not OK and you’re OK - poor me, victim I’m not OK and you’re not OK - pessimist I’m OK and you’re not OK - its everyone's fault but me or antisocial personality ~

Motivation Pursuit of Strokes Human beings need recognition, they engage in transactions to exchanges strokes Positive Strokes Compliments, open affection, uninterrupted listening, praise, positive reinforcement. Positive strokes are usually complementary transactions Negative Strokes Disagreement, punishment, lack of attention, humiliation, embarrassment ~

Motivation Maintenance Strokes Not positive or negative but keep communication open. ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Structuring Time The manner in which we behave in order to receive strokes Withdrawing Behaviour is low risk because no transaction takes place however no strokes are received Rituals Prescribed social transactions – Hello – How are you etc Relative risk – primarily maintenance strokes without commitment or involvement. ~

Structuring Time – cont Pastimes Socially acceptable activities which allow transactions Primarily maintenance strokes but may lead to positive or negative ones – way of sizing up before commitment Activities Time spent dealing with the realities of the world school, work, clubs, Allow strokes in terms of achievement. ~

Structuring Time – cont Games Attempts to gain strokes in a maladaptive way. Destructive transactions Involves complementary ulterior transactions Intimacy A deep human encounter motivated by genuine caring A structured time with no withdrawal, ritual, games, pastimes or activities Involves greatest quality and quantity of positive strokes~

Dysfunctional Behaviour Structural Responds in ways not appropriate to the interaction or the situation Transaction Uses cross transaction or ulterior transaction with others Script Has developed characteristic ways of interacting which leads to life problems Games Conscious utilization of ulterior transactions ~

Games Workers & Clients Play 1. “Yes but” – client has an excuse why any suggested strategy won’t work 2. “I’m only trying to help you, its for your own good” worker “its more important that I help you than you change appropriately 3. Courtroom – Worker as judge and jury 4. NIGYYSOB – Client manipulates worker into non therapeutic behaviour 5. Gossiping – talking about people who are not present 6. Wooden leg – clients use their situations to avoid responsibility 7. If it weren’t for you – client avoids responsibility by projecting it to you

Therapeutic Goals The primary goal in TA is to help the person achieve the I’m OK you’re OK position Behaviour Management Use behaviour management techniques that help a person maintain healthy interactions. Attempt to maintain a health transaction situation Don’t use techniques that lead to games Frustrate client’s attempt to gain strokes though game playing – be aware of your ego state in responding to the client The appropriate technique will be dependent on the factors in the situation that you are in and your understanding of the client ~

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Programming Focus Structure programming goals to teach the client appropriate ways to structure time for positive strokes life skills, cooperative activities, social skills, communication skills Counselling Techniques Structural Analysis Transactional Analysis Script Analysis Game Analysis Help clients explore potential for behaviour or action using appropriate ego states

Transactional Analysis – Eric Berne Terminology Personality Structure Structural Analysis Transactional Analysis Script Analysis Game Analysis Complementary Transaction Crossed Transaction Covert Transaction ~