States of Matter

Kinetic Theory of Matter All matter is made of molecules/atoms that act like tiny particles. Molecules are always in motion! The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles.

Tennis Ball/Box Demo Small vibrations = Solid More Energy Added in the form of heat energy, bouncing inside box = Liquid Even More Energy Added in the form of heat energy, balls falling out of box = Gas (evaporation) Heavier molecules evaporate at a slower rate. Putting the balls back into the box = Condensation

Why metal balls inside some of the tennis balls? Heavier molecules take more energy to evaporate. Lighter molecules evaporate more readily. Video – Kinetic Molecular Theory Watch as the water molecules gain enough kinetic energy to evaporate.

How does thermal energy affect the state of a substance? Thermal Energy interactive Video – Investigate at home Video molecules in motion

Temperature Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the atoms (or molecules) in a system. Temperature measures how “hot” something is.

Temperature Scales Fahrenheit (English system) Water freezes at 32⁰ F and boils at 212⁰ F. Celsius freezing point of water is 0⁰ C, and boiling point is 100⁰ C. Kelvin (scale that is based on energy content) At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops. Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

5 States of Matter Elements and compounds can move from one phase to another when specific physical conditions are present. When the temperature of a system goes up, the matter in the system becomes more excited and active. As the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

5 States/Phases of Matter Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) Solids Liquids Gases Plasmas

Bose-Einstein Condensate In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, created the condensate. Two other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920s, but they didn't have the equipment and facilities to make it happen at that time. BECs can only be created with a few special elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb).

What is a Condensate? Think Condensation Condensation happens when several gas molecules come together and form a liquid. The molecules get denser or packed closer together. It all happens because of a loss of energy. Gases are really excited atoms. When they lose energy, they slow down and begin to collect. Water (H2O) vapor in the form of steam condenses on the lid of your pot when you boil water. It cools on the metal and becomes a liquid again. You would then have a condensate.

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) Super unexcited and super cold atoms. Colder than solids Occur at temperatures near absolute 0 ((0 K, −273.15 °C, or −459 °F ) Atoms begin to clump - no more energy to transfer creating a "super atom." The atoms take on the same qualities and become one blob – No longer separate atoms

Bose-Einstein Basics

Bose-Einstein Basics

What is a solid? Solids have a definite shape definite volume. Molecules are tightly packed Cannot move freely, can only vibrate Molecules stay fairly still. Has a stable, definite shape Energy and temperature are very low

Solids are broadly characterized as Crystalline Solids- Repeating pattern Examples Ghost crystals crystals in rocks Salt rock candy Copper Sulfate Amorphous Solids- - Non-repeating pattern Examples Wax play dough hand putty peanut butter Gum clay

What is a liquid? Liquids have no definite shape, take shape of container in which it is held Definite volume. Molecules are closely packed Molecules vibrate and slide around one another easily. • Energy and temperature, in comparison to a solid, are higher.

What is a Gas? Gases have indefinite and unstable shape No definite volume, volume determined by container Molecules can vibrate, slide, spin, and bounce off of one another. Molecules are far apart and can move around quickly. • Energy and temperature are higher than those of both solids and liquids. Gases diffuse (move from higher concentrations to lower) Heat will increase the rate of diffusion.

What is plasma? Charged particles --Ionized Gas-- a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from the atoms This is an extreme gas! Strikes the other atoms so forcefully it knocks off an electron! These gases vibrate, Slam into one another causing bright gases, lots of heat lots of energy. Hotter than gas! A plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C

Plasma Examples Neon Signs Our Sun, the core of stars Lightning Plasma TV Aurora Borealis plasma balls Plasma Cutters

Plasma the 4th State of Matter

A Phase Change A "phase" describes a physical state of matter. If energy is added (like increasing the temperature) or if energy is taken away (like freezing something), you have created a physical change.

A Phase Change A compound or element can move from one phase to another, but still be the same substance. It may require extreme temperatures or extreme pressures, but it can be done. 

Melting SOLID  LIQUID Melting Point - the temperature at which matter changes from solid to liquid, (e.g. The melting point of water from ice to liquid water is 0 °C)

Super Heated Steam Video Evaporation LIQUID  GAS Boiling a liquid to form a gas is called vaporization. Super Heated Steam Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFnNK9fNdls

How does evaporation differ from vaporization?

Vaporization, Boiling, Evaporation

Boiling vs. Evaporation

SOLID  GAS Examples: Mothballs in closet Dry ice Sublimation SOLID  GAS Examples: Mothballs in closet Dry ice

Condensation GAS  LIQUID Examples: Glass of ice water Bathroom mirror after shower Dew on grass.

Freezing or Solidification LIQUID  SOLID Water is the only known substance that expands as it freezes. Most substances contract.

Deposition GAS  SOLID Examples: Frost on glass- Water vapor becoming a solid

Pressure and Phase Change If lowering the temperature won’t get a liquid to change to a solid just apply pressure. By applying pressure you are “pushing” the molecules together.

Thermal Expansion Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. Examples: Sidewalk cracking Bridges Demo – Hand Boiler

Heating and Cooling Curves Heating Curve Link