GERMANY

Letter from Willy Maillard, teacher at the German Art Academy, to the Minister of Science, Art and National Education, 14 June 1933: “In recent years developments in art have led to chaos (…) The “isms” that have been hoisted onto German art must be taken care of, everything that encourages subversion must be thrown out, just as the new government has already done in political and economic life.”

“First International Dada Fair” at the Burchard Gallery, Berlin, GERMANY, 1920

BENITO MUSSOLINI Leader of Italy ADOLF HITLER Leader of Germany WORLD WAR 2: “The Allies” (USA, England, France, Russia) vs. “The Axis” (Germany, Italy, Japan) Turkey entered on the side of “The Allies” on 23 February War over in Europe on 5 May 1945 and in the Pacific on 2 September 1945

“Nazi” = National Socialism The movement began in 1919 as the “German Workers Party” and was taken over by Hitler in It was a variety of fascism that involved biological racism, especially anti-Semitism (hatred of Jewish people). The Nazis claimed that the German people were the most racially pure and created a state that revolved around celebrating all things thought to be German and destroying all things NOT thought to be German. “National Socialism: The Organized Will of the Nation”

Arno Breker, “Departure for Battle” (1939) “Male nudes in the classical style representing an ideal German man, a future hero, the idealization of German strength.”

Nazi Art was to have purpose - to educate the people as new National Socialist men and women. The posters above show a healthy, enthusiastic and young men and women stepping up to their tasks in building a modern society. “The German Student Fights for Leader and People,” 1935 “A Women's Labor Group in Every Factory,” 1933

“Great German Art,” Exhibition 1937 “Degenerate Art” Exhibition, 1937 Across the street from the “Great German Art” exhibition, another exhibition by the Nazis was set up entiteld “Degenerate Art,” which ridiculed the Avant Garde, especially Expressionism

Hitler visiting an exhibition entitled “Great German Art,” 1937

Hitler visiting the “Degenerate Art” Exhibition, 1937

NAZI VIEWS ON ARCHITECTURE 1.Belief in transcendence: every building should strive to surpass others built by other people and in other epochs. 2.“Architecture is better suited than any other art to express and create national greatness... it is like “words in stone.” (Hitler) 3.Great buildings could create common goodwill, awaken national consciousness and contribute to the feeling of national pride. 4.Nazi architecture should combine beauty and function. It should be monumental and heroic. (Admiration for Ancient Greek and Roman art)

Paul Ludwig Troost, “Haus der Deutschen Kunst (House of German Art)” Munich, GERMANY, 1934 the building was intended as a showcase for Nazi painting and sculpture.

Paul Ludwig Troost, “Haus der Deutschen Kunst (Museum of German Art)” Munich, GERMANY, 1934 The “Hall of Honor”

Paul Ludwig Troost, “Haus der Deutschen Kunst (Museum of German Art)” Munich, GERMANY, 1934 the art galleries

“Day of German Art” Parade, 1938 the model is of the Army Command Building, Berlin, by Wilhelm Kreis

ALBERT SPEER “Hitler’s Architect”

Albert Speer, urban planning of Nurnberg, : Märzfeld (Marching Field), 2: The “Great Road,” 3: Deutsche Stadium, 4: Congress Hall (lower center) 5: Luitpold Arena, 6: Zeppelin Tribune and Zeppelin Field

Albert Speer, “Zeppelin Tribune,” Nurnberg, 1934

A Nazi Party Rally at Albert Speer’s Zeppelin Field, 1934

Albert Speer, “New Chancellery Building” (Hitler’s office), Berlin,

Albert Speer, “New Chancellery Building,” Berlin,

Albert Speer, “New Chancellery Building,” Berlin, Hall of Mosaics

Albert Speer, “New Chancellery Building,” Berlin, “Diplomats’ Room,” “Marble Gallery” and “Cabinet Room”

Hitler and Speer discussing plans for Berlin, 1938

Albert Speer, “Urban Plan for Berlin,” 1939 “Great Hall” “Triumphal Arch”

Albert Speer, “Urban Plan for Berlin,” 1939 “Great Hall” measured 315 X 315 meters

Albert Speer, “Urban Plan for Berlin,” 1939 “Great Hall” as seen from Triumphal Arch “United States Capitol Building,” Washington,

Albert Speer, “Urban Plan for Berlin,” 1939 section through “Great Hall”

Albert Speer, “Urban Plan for Berlin,” 1939 façade and interior of “Great Hall”

Speer presents Hitler the model of his “Triumphal Arch,” 1939

Albert Speer, “Urban Plan for Berlin,” 1939 South Train Station

Nazi residential architecture: Klein Siedlung (“Small Siedlung” – small settlements in the country of worker-owned houses with a few acres land cultivated by the family)

Nazi residential architecture: Klein Siedlung

Klein Siedlung, Aachen

Airforce Ministry Weather Service Broadcasting Station

Autobahn Garages and Gas Stations

“Hitler Youth” Hostel