Klaus Peters Ruhr-Universität Bochum U Cincinnati, Nov 18, 2002 FNAL, Batavia, Nov 20, 2002 JLab, Newport News, Nov 22, 2002 TRIUMF, Vancouver, Nov 28, 2002 at the High Energy Storage GSI

2 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Where is Darmstadt ? GSI

3 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Overview The GSI Future Project The Antiproton Facility (HESR) The Physics Program Charmonium spectroscopy Charmed hybrids and glueballs Interaction of charmed particles with nuclei Hypernuclei Further options Detector Concepts Conclusions

4 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) The GSI Future Facility Panda Existing GSI Facilities

5 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics Physics with Antiprotons The GSI Future Project Nuclear Structure Physics Research with Rare Isotope Beams Nuclei far from Stability number of neutrons number of protons r - process rp - process solar burning

6 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics Physics with Antiprotons The GSI Future Project Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions Compressed Baryonic Matter ,-,p - beams SIS 18 SIS 200 T [MeV] 300 LHC RHIC SPS

7 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) SIS 18 Ion Beam Heating Jupiter Sun Surface Magnetic Fusion solid state density Temperature [eV] Density [cm -3 ] Laser Heating PHELIX Ideal plasmas Strongly coupled plasmas Sun Core Inertial Cofinement Fusion Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics Physics with Antiprotons The GSI Future Project Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Ion and Laser Induced Plasmas High Energy Density in Matter

8 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics Physics with Antiprotons The GSI Future Project Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics From Fundamentals to Applications QED, Strong Fields, Ion-Matter Interactions

9 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics Physics with Antiprotons The GSI Future Project Nuclear Structure Physics Nuclear Matter Physics Plasma Physics Atomic Physics Physics with Antiprotons Research with Antiprotons Hadron Spectroscopy and Hadronic Matter Effective Degrees of Freedom

10 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) MASS Motivation Antiproton Project MASS Understand the generation of mass Higgs is only responsible for about 2% of proton mass ! How can we understand the difference ?

11 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) QCD running coupling constant transition from perturbative to non-perturbative regime Q 2 [GeV 2 ] perturbative QCDconstituent quarkconfinementmesons and baryons RnRn r [fm] Transition from the quark-gluon to the hadronic degrees of freedom perturbativestrong QCD

12 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Fundamental Aspects of QCD QCD is confirmed to high accuracy at small distances At large distances, QCD is characterized by: Confinement Chiral symmetry breaking Challenge: Quantitative understanding of the relevant degrees of freedom in strongly interacting systems Experimental approach: Charm physics: Transition between the chiral and heavy quark limits Proton-Antiproton as a rich hadronic source

13 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmonium Physics Charmonium is the Positronium System of QCD Energies Splitting Widths Quark-Antiquark-Interaction Exclusive Decays Mixing of perturbative and non-pertubative Effects

14 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmonium Physics Open questions …  c ‘ (2 1 S 0 ) not established h 1c ( 1 P 1 ) unconfirmed Peculiar decays of (4040) Terra incognita for any 2P and D-States … Exclusive Channels Helicity violation G-Parity violation Higher Fock state contributions

15 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) MeV3510 CBall ev./2 MeV 100 E CM Charmonium Physics e + e - interactions: Only 1 -- states are formed Other states only by secondary decays (moderate mass resolution) pp bar reactions: All states directly formed (very good mass resolution) Existing experiments: no B-field, beam time beam momentum reproducibility CBall E E 835 ev./pb  c1

16 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) E CM Resonance Scan Measured Rate Beam Profile Resonance Cross Section small and well controlled beam momentum spread p/p is extremely important

17 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmonium Physics Expect 1-2 fb -1 (like CLEO-C) pp bar (>5.5 GeV/c) J/10 7 /d pp bar (>5.5 GeV/c)  c2 (J/10 5 /d pp bar (>5.5 GeV/c)  c ‘(10 4 /d| rec. ? Comparison to E835 Max. Energy 15 GeV/c instead of 9 GeV/c Luminosity 10x higher Detector with magnetic field p/p 10x better Dedicated machine with stable conditions

18 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Hadrons are very complicated Standard model meson only one leading term Other colour neutral configurations may mix Decoupling is possible only if states are narrow leading term vanishes

19 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmed Hybrids Gluonic excitations of the quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound states LQCD: m H ~ GeV Light charmed hybrids could be as narrow as  O(5-50 MeV) selection rules (from Fluxtube) # charmed final states (OZI-Rule)   important and r Breakup

20 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Fluxtube Meson Hybrid ~ Simplified Lattice Approach Flux (excited Gluon) carries angular momentum

21 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmed Hybrids Fluxtube-Model predicts DD** decays ifm H <4290 MeV/c 2  H < 50 MeV/c 2 Some exotics can decay neither to DD bar nor to DD* e.g.: J PC (H)=0 +- fluxtube allowed J/f 2, J/() S, h 1c  fluxtube forbidden  c0 ,  c0 ,  c2 ,  c2 ,  c h 1 Small number of final states with small phase space CLEO BaBar and Belle would expect ~300 evts. each in 5 years  not competitive

22 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmed Hybrids Gluon rich process creates gluonic excitation in a direct way cc bar requires the quarks to annihilate (no rearrangement) yield comparable to charmonium production formation yield 8:1 due to color octet in hybrids 2 complementary techniques Production (Fixed-Momentum) Formation (Broad- and Fine-Scans ) Momentum range for a survey p ~15 GeV

23 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Exotics in Proton-Antiproton Exotics are heavily produced in pp bar reactions High production yields for exotic mesons (or with a large fraction of it) f 0 (1500)  ~25 % in 3  f 0 (1500)  ~25 % in 2   1 (1400)  >10 % in      Interference with other well known (conventional) states is mandatory for the phase analysis Crystal Barrel

24 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Heavy Glueballs Light gg/ggg-systems are complicated to identify Exotic heavy glueballs m(0 +- ) = 4140 (50)(200) MeV m(2 +- ) = 4740 (70)(230) MeV Width unknown, but! nature invests more likely in mass than in momentum newest proof double cc bar yield in e + e - Flavour-blindness predicts decays into charmed final states Same run period as hybrids In addition: scan m>2 GeV/c 2 Morningstar und Peardon, PRD60 (1999) Morningstar und Peardon, PRD56 (1997) 4043

25 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) 4-Quark Formation Proton-Antiproton contains already a 4-Quark-System Idea: Dilepton-Tag from Drell-Yan-Production Advantages Trigger less J PC -Ambiguities GeV GeV antiproton-Beam (for L=10 32 cm -2 s -1 ) Bannikov, Gornuschkin, Kopeliovich, Krumshtein and Sapozhnikov, JINR E (1992)

26 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Accessible Hadrons

27 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Hadrons in Nuclear Matter Partial restoration of chiral symmetry in nuclear matter Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been deduced previously: deeply bound pionic atoms f*  = 0.78f  Collaboration Nava, GSI, Munich, Jülich, Tokyo, Niigata, RIKEN

28 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Hadrons in Nuclear Matter Partial restoration of chiral symmetry in nuclear matter Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been deduced previously: deeply bound pionic atoms (anti-)kaon yield and phase space distribution Nucleus-Nucleus CollisionsProton-Proton Collisions KaoS Collaboration TU Darmstadt, Frankfurt, GSI Darmstadt, Marburg, Cracow, Rossendorf

29 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmed Hadrons in Nuclear Matter Partial restoration of chiral symmetry in nuclear matter Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been deduced previously: deeply bound pionic atoms (anti-)kaon yield and phase space distribution D-Mesons are the QCD analogue of the H-atom. chiral symmetry to be studied on a single light quark Hayaski, PLB 487 (2000) 96 Morath, Lee, Weise, priv. Comm. DD 50 MeV D D+D+ vacuum nuclear medium  K 25 MeV 100 MeV K+K+ KK  

30 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) bare D + D  (nb) 4567 Open Charm in the Nuclei The expected signal: strong enhancement of the D-meson cross section, relative D + D - yields, in the near/sub-threshold region. Complementary to heavy ion collisions D+D+ in-medium free masses T (GeV) D-D- T~0 (A) = ?  pA A pN  pA

31 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Charmonium in the Nuclei Lowering of the D + D - mass allow charmonium states to decay into this channel, thus resulting in a dramatic increase of width (1D)=2040 MeV (2S)=0,322,7 MeV Experiment: Dilepton-Channels Idea Study relative changes of yield and width of the charmonium states. 3 GeV/c 2 Mass (1 3 D 1 ) (1 3 S 1 ) (2 3 S 1 )  c (1 1 S 0 ) (3 3 S 1 )  c2 (1 3 P 2 )  c1 (1 3 P 1 )  c1 (1 3 P 0 ) 3,74 3,64 3,54 vacuum 1010 2020

32 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) J/ Absorption in Nuclei Important for the understanding of heavy ion collisions Related to QGP

33 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) J/ Absorption in Nuclei Important for the understanding of heavy ion collisions Related to QGP Reaction p bar + A  J/ + (A-1) Fermi-smeared cc bar -Production J/, ‘ or interference region selected by p bar -Momentum Longitudinal und transverse Fermi-distribution is measurable e+e+ ee J/ (e + e  ) pb p(pbar) GeV/c FF J/

34 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) 3 GeV/c Hypernuclei 3rd dimension (strangeness) of the nuclear chart New Era: high resolution -spectroscopy Double-hypernuclei: very little data Baryon-baryon interactions: -N only short ranged (no 1 exchange due to isospin) - impossible in scattering reactions secondary target  - (dss) p(uud)   (uds)  (uds) Trigger -- K+K

35 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Inverted DVCS Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) Generalized Parton Distributions using the handbag-diagram dynamics of quarks and gluons in hadrons Measurements of the inverted process less stringent requirements on the detector resolution predictions for 2 real photon final states ~ 1000 E./month

36 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Proton-Formfactors at large Q 2 High Q 2  pert. QCD FF (dim. Scaling) should vary with Q 2 time-like remains factor 2 larger than space-like Both in pQCD asymptotically equal HESR s  25 GeV 2 /c 4 q 2 >0 q 2 <0

37 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) CP-Violation in the Charm Sector Small mixing in the charm sector compared to K 0 and B (S) 0 Interference of amplitudes may lead to CP-Violation Measure D 0 using D* Tag Measure D + /D — -asymmetries Also possible pp  p c + D 0 (fixed flavour)

38 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) The Antiproton Facility

39 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) The Antiproton Facility Antiproton production similar to CERN, HESR = High Energy Storage Ring Production rate 10 7 /sec P beam = GeV/c N stored = 5 x p High luminosity mode Luminosity = 2 x cm -2 s -1 p/p ~ (stochastic cooling) High resolution mode p/p ~ (electron cooling < 8 GeV/c) Luminosity = cm -2 s -1

40 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Proposed Detector (Overview) High Rates Total  ~ 55 mb Vertexing ( p,K S,,…) Charged particle ID (e ±, ±, ±,p,…) Magnetic tracking Elm. Calorimetry (, 0,) Forward capabilities (leading particles) Sophisticated Trigger(s)

41 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Vertexing: Micro Vertex Detector 7.2 mio. barrel pixels 50 x 300 μm 2 mio. forward pixels 100 x 150 μm beam pipe pellet/cluster pipe Readout: ASICs (ATLAS/CMS) 0.37% X 0 or pixel one side – readout other side (TESLA)

42 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Tracking: Straw Tube Tracker Number of double layers Skew angle of dbl layers 1 and 15 Skew angle of dbl layers o 2 o -3 o Straw tube wall thickness Wire thickness Gas Length Diameter of tubes in double layers 1-5, 6-10, and Number of straw tubes 26 mm 20 mm 90%He 10%C 4 H cm 4 mm 6 mm 8 mm 8734 Transverse resolution s x,y Longitudinal resolution s z 150 mm 1 mm

43 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Tracking: Forward MDC 6 layers of sense wires in 3 double layers (y,u,v) not stretched radially (mass) realized at HADES high counting rates position resolution 70μm

44 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) PID: DIRC (Cherenkov) less space than aero gel  costs of calorimeter no problems with field

45 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) PID: Forward RICH Aerogel n=1.02 Multi pad gas Detector Mismatch photons  CsI photon conversion LHCb proximity focusing  mirrors

46 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Electromagnetic Calorimeter Detector materialPbWO 4 Photo sensorsAvalanche Photo Diodes Crystal size  35 x 35 x 150 mm 3 (i.e 1.5 x 1.5 R M 2 x 17 X 0 ) Energy resolution 1.54 % / E[GeV] % Time resolution   130 ps Total number of crystals7150

47 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Interested Institutes (with Representative in the Coordination Board) U Bochum U Bonn U & INFN Brescia U Catania U Cracow GSI Darmstadt TU Dresden JINR Dubna I + II U Erlangen NWU Evanston U & INFN Ferrara LNF-INFN Frascati U & INFN Genova U Glasgow U Gießen KVI Groningen IKP Jülich I + II LANL Los Alamos U Mainz TU München U Münster BINP Novosibirsk U Pavia U of Silesia U Torino Politechnico di Torino U & INFN Trieste U Tübingen U & TSL Uppsala ÖAdW Vienna SINS Warsaw 39 Institutes from 9 Countries: Austria - Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Poland – Russia – Sweden – U.K. – U.S.A.

48 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Competition CLEO-C, BES, BNL, HALL-D, JHF TopicHESRCompetitor Confinement Charmonium all cc bar states with high resolution CLEO-C only 1 –– states Gluonic Excitations charmed hybrids heavy glueballs CLEO-C light glueballs Hall-D light hybrids Nuclear Interactions D-mass shift J/ absorption (T~0) Hypernuclei -spectroscopy of - and -hypernuclei BNL hypernuclei studies Open Charm Physics Rare D-Decays, CP- physics in D-Mesons and Baryons CLEO-C rare D-Decays CP-physics in D-Mesons,K-beams JHF rare K-Decays (?) neutrino physics

49 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Why Antiprotons ? high resolution spectroscopy with p bar -beams in formation experiments: E  E beam high yields in pp bar of gluonic excitations glueballs, hybrids event tagging by pair wise associated production, (particle, anti-particle) e.g. pp bar  bar large sqrt(s) at low momentum transfer important for in-medium "implantation" of hadrons: study of in-medium effects

50 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) History/Status/Outlook since 1997Discussion about GSI future International workshops and reviews and accelerator R&D May 1999Letter of Intend for an antiproton facility (40 authors) Studies for detector concept Jan. 2001Detector simulation with GEANT4 Nov. 2001Conceptual Design Report of an “International Accelerator Facility for Beams of Ions and Antiprotons” Nov. 2001Review by an international review committee of the „Deutscher Wissenschaftsrat“ April 2002International p bar -Workshop at GSI July 2002Positive Votum by the „Deutscher Wissenschaftsrat“ Early 2003?Decision by the German Parliament „Bundestag”

51 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Realization/Cost Civil Construction~ 225 M€ Accelerator Components ~ 265 M€ Instrumentation and Major Detectors ~ 185 M€ (HESR Detector ~ 31 M€) ~ 675 M€ Year 200X + 6 years commissioning Year 200X + 8 years regular data taking

52 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) Summary & Outlook Investigation of charmed hadrons and their interaction with matter is a mandatory task for the next decade The antiproton facility GSI addresses many important questions A high performance storage ring and detector are envisaged to utilize a luminosity of L=2 x cm -2 s -1

53 Nov 22, 2002Klaus Peters, U Bochum, Darmstadt (GSI Future Project) More Information