ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Chapter 45

Endocrine System Communication and chemical regulation Endocrine glands secrete hormones Long-distance regulators Slow to act Whole body control

Other Secretory Cells Pheromones Into environment Within a species Neurotransmitters Neural signaling Short distance/directional Local Regulators Paracrine Autocrine

Classifying Glands Endocrine Lack ducts Produces hormones Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, etc. Exocrine Possess ducts Produce non-hormonal substances Sweat, mammary, salivary, etc

Hormones Organic secretions Blood transports throughout the body Anywhere, target cells with specific receptors 1 or many effects Regulate metabolic functions of body cells Neurohormones are similar

PROLACTIN’S ROLE VARIES Fish Regulate salt & water when moving environments Amphibians Metamorphosis & water movement for reproduction Birds Nest building, fat metabolism, and reproduction Humans Breast feeding role Prevents egg release Possible adaptation for newborn care

Chemical Nature of Hormones Amino acid-based Amino acid or polypeptide chain precursors Water soluble Example: Epinephrine, oxytocin, and prolactin Steroid-based Cholesterol precursor Lipid soluble Signal same to release and produce Example: Testosterone, estrogen and cortisol

Mechanisms of Hormone Action WATER-SOLUBLELIPID-SOLUBLE Exocytotic release Free in blood Binds to PM Cellular response Diffuse out Transported in blood Diffuse into cell Gene transcription

Response Negative FeedbackPositive Feedback

HUMAN ENDOCRINE GLANDS Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Pineal gland Gonads Others Thymus Heart

Hypothalmus ‘Relay center’ Pituitary gland Master gland Bipartate structure Posterior lobe  Neurosecretory cells Anterior lobe  Portal system

POSTERIOR LOBE Hypothalamic storage Neurosecretory cells signal exocytosis Neurohormones: Oxytocin: milk letdown and uterine contractions ADH: control water and solute levels

Anterior Lobe Hypothalamic control Portal system Releasing or inhibiting Makes two main types of hormones: Tropic: endocrine Non-tropic: nonendocrine Growth hormone

Growth Hormone Tropic and non-tropic effects Stimulates growth Liver secretes IGF’s to stimulate bone & cartilage Size not number Absence can halt growth Hypersecretion Gigantism: limbs unchanged Hyposecretion Pituitary dwarfism: porportions unchanged Treated with artificial GH w/early diagnosis

Thyroid Gland TSH regulation Metabolism, growth, and development Produces amine hormones: T 3 and T 4 Growth and O 2 turnover Both, but different cells Calcitonin (childhood) Enhance kidney Ca 2+ release Hyperthyroidism Weight lose, sweating, & irritability Hypothyroidism Weight gain, cold intolerance, & lethargy

Thyroid Imbalances Grave’s Disease Rapid irregular heart beat, nervousness, & sweating Goiter Unchecked TSH secretion Cretinism Stunted growth

Parathyroid Gland PTH Blood Ca 2+ regulation Target tissues Bones Intestines Kidneys

Regulation of Calcium

Pancreas Both endocrine and exocrine functions Islet of Langerhans Produces two hormones: Alpha cells: glucagon Beta cells: insulin

Diabetes Mellitus Deficiency or decreased insulin response Cells can’t absorb glucose Fats and proteins burned Glucose out in urine Treatments but no cure Blindness, dehydration, kidney and cardiovascular disease occur Type 1 (insulin dependent) Autoimmune disease: WBC’s attack beta cells Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) Genetics and often associated with obesity

Adrenal Gland Two Regions: Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Long-term stress responses Corticosteroids Endocrine response Adrenal Medulla Short-term stress responses Epi- or norepinephrine Hypothalamic neural signal

Cortex vs. Medulla

Pineal Gland Produces melatonin Secreted at night Varies by season Regulates biorhythms Acts on SCN

Gonadal Hormones Gamete development and 2° sex characteristics GNRH stimulates FSH and LH Androgens Estrogens Progestins Both sexes, but ratios vary