Water supply: Will our taps run dry? Lower Secondary Geography 2014 Name: _________________________ ( ) Class: ________ Date: ____________

Measures taken to avoid water shortage in Singapore Section 4: How can Singapore avoid water shortage? Learning outcomes (things you need to know about this topic!) Step 1: DESCRIBE Step 2: EXPLAIN Measures taken to avoid water shortage in Singapore Step 1: Describe the measures taken to avoid water shortage in Singapore Step 2: Explain the measures taken to Step 3: Describe the advantages and disadvantages Step 3: DESCRIBE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

What do we do to avoid water shortage? (a)(ii) NEWater (a)(iii) Desalinated water (a)(i) Local catchment (a)(iv) Imported water (a) Increase water supply What do we do to avoid water shortage? (Measures) (c) Conservation of water (b) Decrease water consumption (c)(i) Protection of water resources (b)(i) Pricing of water (b)(ii) Public education

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (a)(i) Increase water supply  Local catchment areas STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is S_________ C___________: ‘Land over which water is caught’ area over which rain falls and is collected. (drains, canals, water collection ponds etc.) STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) The water collected is then transported and stored in r___________.

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages (a)(i) Increase water supply  Local catchment areas STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages Takes advantage of Singapore’s high rainfall Can also be r___________ areas Advantages Less land can be used for h_________ and industries When there is little rain  catchment areas are not used  not effective. Disadvantages

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (a)(ii) Increase water supply  NEWater STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is NEWater is drinking water that is p_________ and made from used water. STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) With clever planning & t______________, fresh water can now be obtained from used water. Thus, no new source of water is needed.

How is NEWater produced? (a)(ii) Increase water supply  NEWater How is NEWater produced? TREATED U___ WATER R_________ O_________ MICROFILTRATION ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages (a)(ii) Increase water supply  NEWater STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages Not dependent on rainfall. In times of low rainfall,  water supply will not be affected. NEWater is u______- p_____  good source for the water fabrication industry Advantages E______________ to produce The public may find it difficult to drink water that they know comes from used water. Disadvantages

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (a)(iii) Increase water supply  Desalinated water STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is Desalination: The process of removing dissolved s____ & other minerals from water  produces d___________ water STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) As only s_________ is used for desalination, a new source of freshwater is not required. Instead, more drinkable water is produced from our present water resources.

How is fresh water produced from ocean water? (a)(iii) Increase water supply  Desalinated water How is fresh water produced from ocean water?

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages (a)(iii) Increase water supply  Desalinated water STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages N__ dependent on rainfall  can be used during a d____ s_____. Singapore is surrounded by a lot of seawater  makes desalination a good choice Advantages Very expensive to produce Large amounts of salt and chemical solutions are produced  if disposed of i_____________, will lead to w_______ p___________. Disadvantages

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (a)(iv) Increase water supply  Imported water STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is Singapore signing agreements with J_____ (Malaysia) to import water. Import: to bring a product over to a country to be sold STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) With the existing agreement, Singapore will receive water from Johor till 2061.

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages (a)(iv) Increase water supply  Imported water STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages Does not require land  frees up land for other uses C_________ as compared to NEWater and desalinated water Advantages May not be enough to meet water needs Water agreements between countries eventually end  there is no g___________ of future water agreements Disadvantages

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (b)(i) Decrease water consumption  Pricing of water STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is Water Conservation Tax: A pricing system where an additional amount of money is charged based on water consumption STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) The pricing system encourages people to r_______ their water consumption  the more water you use, the higher the tax rate you have to pay.

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages (b)(i) Decrease water consumption  Pricing of water STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages People will be more cautious about the amount of water they use. Water pricing reflects the cost of producing clean water  people can a____________ the v______ of clean water & not take water for granted. Advantages For industries that use a lot of water, the high pricing of water may be passed on to the paying customer with the high price of the goods manufactured. The rich may still be able to afford the high tax  they will still continue using any amount of water they want. Disadvantages

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (b)(ii) Decrease water consumption  Public education STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is a) Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme (WELS): educates the public on water c___________ through using w______-e_________ appliances b) Water saving kit STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) WELS allows consumers to make informed choices when buying household products (eg. Washing machines). They will know which appliances use less water than others.

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages (b)(ii) Decrease water consumption  Public education STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages Public education can teach many people about the true i______________ of water in their lives Such education has the potential to make lasting positive changes in the way people use water Advantages It takes t______ to change people’s behaviour. It’s success depends on whether people choose to respond positively. Disadvantages

STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is (c) Conservation of water Protection of water resources STEP 1: DESCRIBE what this measure is Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters  a prog. to promote the enjoyment of Singapore’s waters ‘Friends of Water’ prog.  encourages public to care for our waterways STEP 2: EXPLAIN what this measure is (be able to state how this measure helps to prevent water shortage) ABC Waters: helps people to get closer to water & e______ SG’s water  making us want to p_________ the water we have FOW Prog: helps to educate people on how to preserve our water

STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages 3. Conservation of water Protection of water resources STEP 3: DESCRIBE the advantages and disadvantages C____-e_________ way to ensure clean water Everyone can enjoy a healthy environment when we all play our part Advantages It’s success is dependent on effective public education and everyone’s c____________ Disadvantages