Study of molecules with carbon-carbon bonds
Carbon is the element present in all living things. All compounds are classified as organic or inorganic. Organic compounds-carbon containing Inorganic compounds-do not contain carbon (several exceptions like CO 2 )
Carbon atoms contain 4 electrons in their outermost energy level. Most atoms are stable with 8 electrons in their outermost energy level. To fill its outer energy level, carbon forms 4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements.
When carbon bonds to other carbons, it can form 3 main shapes: 1. Straight Chains 2. Branched Chains 3. Rings
There are 3 types of bonds carbon can form: 1. Single bonds 2. Double bonds 3. Triple bonds
ATP- “energy currency” (stores energy for use in biological reactions) ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group Helps form organic compounds
Built mostly from C, H, & O. There are 4 major macromolecules (organic compounds). 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids Each class has different properties. Properties depend on how much C, H, O there is and what “other elements” are present.
Monomers are the “building blocks” or “bricks” of larger organic compounds, called polymers. The largest polymers are called macromolecules.
To make different types of buildings, you have to use different bricks. To make different macromolecules you need to use different monomers (bricks). Some bricks build carbohydrates other bricks build proteins.
C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O) Monomer (brick) =Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Examples: Glucose – cell energy, blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar, sweetness Galactose – milk sugar Disaccharides- two simple sugars bonded together Examples: Sucrose –table sugar Maltose Lactose – in milk
Many simple sugars=polysaccharides Not sugars, but still carbs Examples: Starch- glucose storage in plants Cellulose- plant fibers, give structure Glycogen-glucose storage in animals Job= Energy source Also provides structure in plants
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Examples: Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides (two sugars) Examples: Sucrose Maltose Lactose Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) Examples: Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Made up of C,H,& O, with greater numbers of H. Monomers (bricks) = Fatty acids Types of Lipids: Steroids Phospholipids Wax Fats and oils Job= Energy STORAGE, insulation, build cell membranes
Steroids Sex hormones Estrogen & Testosterone Cholesterol Provides support for cell membrane Too much can accumulate and cause heart disease Phospholipids Cell membranes Waxes Bee wax, plant cuticle (aloe) Fats and oils Solids or liquids
“Good” fats Unsaturated (bent chains) Oils (liquid) In cold blooded animals and plants Fish, olives Example foods Salmon, walnuts, avocados in these foods
“Bad” fats Saturated (straight chains) Solid In warm blooded animals Cows, pigs Example foods Butter, in cheeseburgers in these foods
Lipids Steroids Examples: cholesterol, sex hormones Waxes Examples: Beewax, earwax Phospholipids Make up cell membranes Fats and oils Unsaturated Saturated Made of fatty acid monomers types
Mainly C,H,O,N, & S. Monomers (bricks) = amino acids Proteins are made of chains of amino acids that fold into sheets, tubes, blobs and other shapes. Job depends on type Many structural and regulatory functions
Examples: Enzymes – speed up reactions Keratin – structure in hair, nails Collagen – muscles and tendons, stretching Insulin – breaks down sugar Antibodies – defense in immune systems
Proteins Keratin In hair and nails Collagen In muscles and tendons, provides stretch Enzymes Speed up reactions Insulin Regulate blood sugar Antibodies Immune system defense Made of amino acid monomers Regulatory Examples Structural Examples
Made up of C,H,O,N & P Monomers (bricks) = nucleotides Examples: DNA or RNA Job = stores and then transmits your genetic information Provides the instructions to build proteins