Do Now 1. What are mutations? 2. What happens during an insertion mutation? 3. What happens during a deletion mutation? 4. What happens during transcription? 5. What’s a protein?

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Today  INM Phenotype and genotype/ heterozygous and homogenous  Questions 1 – 3 on Bikini Bottom Genetics  INM Punnett Squares  Questions 4-8 on Bikini Bottom Genetics

What do we need to know to use a Punnett Square?  1. Genotype of parents  2. Which allele is dominant

Phenotype and genotype  Phenotype: Physical appearance that you see  Genotype: what the DNA says  IE: Ms. Lusk has brown hair – Phenotype  IE: Ms. Lusk’s mom has blonde hair while her dad has dark hair. Her genotype is actually Bb  Capital letters are the dominant traits  These are the ones that you see in a person phenotype

Purebred = Homozygous  Purebred:  Both alleles are for the same trait  Example:  FF

Hybrid = Heterozygous  Hybrid = The alleles are mixed; they are for different traits  Example:  Ff

Quick Check: Homozygous = stand up, Heterozygous = sit down  BB  Homozygous  Bb  Heterozygous  bb  Homozygous  bB  Heterozygous

Probability  Have you talked about probability yet in math?  Probability is the extent to which something could happen.  IE: There is a large probability that if you all begin talking, Ms.Lusk will get upset with you.  Flipping a coin results in a 50:50 probability.  I have a 50% chance that if I flip a coin it will land heads.  There’s only two options (heads/tails).

Probability and Genetics  In genetics, we use Punnett Squares to help us understand the probability of something occurring within an offspring.

How are Punnett squares used?  A Lot like a multiplication table.  Female alleles (genes) are across the top, and male alleles are down the left side. R r R R

 When the female and male alleles are “multiplied,” the result combo of the alleles gives the possible genotypes of the offspring. RRRr RR FIRST: Multiply the two top left columns.

Let’s try a Punnett Square!  Hair Color in Humans  B = brown = dominant  b = blonde = recessive  DRAW A PUNNETT SQUARE IN YOUR NOTES!!!  Let’s say Kevin Federline and Britney Spears are having a baby…

KFed is heterozygous for brown hair, so…. His genotype is Bb B b And Britney is homogenous for blonde hair, so…. Her genotype is bb bb Bb bb

B b bb Bb bb GenotypeRatioPercentagePhenotypeRatioPercentage Bb2/4 50% Brown Hair 2/450% bbBlonde Hair2/4 50% The likelihood that an offspring will have Brown Hair is ______________. The probability that an offspring will have Blonde Hair is ____________.

***Important***  Probability is the likelihood something will happen, or the chance that something will happen.  If there is a 25% chance that your kids will have blue eyes, it does not mean that if you have 4 kids one of them is definitely going to have blue eyes!

Guided practice: Widow’s Peak A recessive gene W = Normal Hairline w = Widow’s Peak

Let’s say you have two parents who are heterozygous for the gene  1. What are the chances that their offspring will have a widow’s peak?  2. What are the chances that their offspring will not have a widow’s peak but will carry an allele for a widow’s peak?  3. What are the chances that their offspring will not have a widow’s peak and will not carry a gene for a widow’s peak? What are their genotypes? Ww and Ww

 Let’s see what happens if the parents have the following genotypes:  Ww and ww  1. What are the chances that their offspring will have a widow’s peak?  2. What are the chances that their offspring will not have a widow’s peak but will carry an allele for a widow’s peak?  3. What are the chances that their offspring will not have a widow’s peak and will not carry a gene for a widow’s peak?