Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Slide 1 Digital Fundamentals.

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Presentation transcript:

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 1 Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER 12 Introduction to Computers

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 2 The Basic Computer The Basic Computer

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 3 The Basic Computer The Basic Computer Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU) Memories and storageMemories and storage Input/output portsInput/output ports BusesBuses

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 4 The Computer System The Computer System Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU) Memories and storageMemories and storage Input/output portsInput/output ports BusesBuses

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 5 The Computer System The Computer System

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 6 Microprocessors

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 7 Microprocessors Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Instruction decoder (normally part of the ALU)Instruction decoder (normally part of the ALU) Register arrayRegister array Control UnitControl Unit

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 8 Microprocessors Basic Operations Perform arithmetic and logic operationsPerform arithmetic and logic operations Move data between memory locations and input/output portsMove data between memory locations and input/output ports Make decisions and act accordinglyMake decisions and act accordingly

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 9 Microprocessors Programming OperationsProgramming Operations –Data transfer –Arithmetic and logic –Bit manipulation –Loops and jumps –Strings –Subroutines and interrupts –Control

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 10 The Software Model for the Pentium Processor

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 11 The Software Model for the Pentium Processor Basic operationBasic operation –Fetch an instruction from memory –Decode the instruction –Execute the instruction

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 12 The Software Model for the Pentium Processor 8086/8088 Architecture8086/8088 Architecture –Bus interface unit (BIU) –Execution unit (EU)

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 13 The Software Model for the Pentium Processor Bus Interface Unit (BIU)Bus Interface Unit (BIU) –Instruction pointer (IP) –Instruction queue –Segment registers CS DS SS ES

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 14 The Software Model for the Pentium Processor Execution Unit (EU)Execution Unit (EU) –ALU –General registers Data set –Accumulator (AH, AL) –Base index (BH, BL) –Count (CH, CL) –Data (DH, DL) Pointer and index set –Stack pointer (SP) –Base pointer (BP) –Destination index (DI) –Source index (SI) –Flags

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 15 Computer Programming

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 16 Computer Programming Levels of programming languagesLevels of programming languages Types of instructionsTypes of instructions

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 17 Computer Programming Levels of Programming LanguagesLevels of Programming Languages –Computer hardware –Machine language –Assembly language –High-level language

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 18 Computer Programming Types of InstructionsTypes of Instructions –Data transfer –Arithmetic –Bit manipulation –Loops and jumps –Strings –Subroutines and interrupts –Processor control

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 19 Interrupts

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 20 Interrupts Polled I/OPolled I/O Interrupt-driven I/OInterrupt-driven I/O Software interruptSoftware interrupt

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 21 Internal System Interfacing Internal System Interfacing

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 22 Internal System Interfacing Internal System Interfacing Multiplexed busesMultiplexed buses Bus signalsBus signals Tristate buffersTristate buffers Bus contentionBus contention Multiplexed busesMultiplexed buses

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 23 Standard Buses

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 24 Standard Buses Internal busesInternal buses External busesExternal buses Serial I/O interface busesSerial I/O interface buses Parallel I/O interface busesParallel I/O interface buses

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 25 Standard Buses Serial I/O interface busesSerial I/O interface buses –RS-232C –IEEE 1394 –Universal serial bus (USB)

Floyd Digital Fundamentals, 9/e Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Slide 26 Standard Buses Parallel I/O interface busesParallel I/O interface buses –IEEE 488 (GPIB) –Small computer system interface (SCSI)