Medical English “Hypertension” Presentation by group one Medical faculty of Wijaya Kusuma University

Group 1 Naurah Rifdah ( ) Ika Putri Wahyuni ( ) Arief Rian Raharjo ( ) Ilham Yudhi Pratama ( ) I Made Lisma A. ( ) Ni Putu Dian S. ( ) Farida Tri Damayanti ( ) Lailatul Mufidah Zafarina ( )

What is the hypertension ?

Hypertension Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues.

hypertension can lead to the following medical conditions: arteriosclerosis, also called atherosclerosisatherosclerosis heart attack stroke enlarged heart kidney damage.

Causes and symtomps Many different actions or situations can normally raise blood pressure. Physical activity can temporarily raise blood pressure. Stressful situations can make blood pressure go up. When the stress goes away, blood pressure usually returns to normal. When a person has hypertension caused by another medical condition, it is called secondary hypertension. Secondary hypertension can be caused by a number of different illnesses. Many people with kidney disorders have secondary hypertension. The kidneys regulate the balance of salt and water in the body. If the kidneys cannot rid the body of excess salt and water, blood pressure goes up. Kidney infections, a narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to the kidneys, called renal artery stenosis, and other kidney disorders can disturb the salt and water balance.

Cushing's syndrome and tumors of the pituitary and adrenal glands often increase levels of the adrenal gland hormones cortisol, adrenalin, and aldosterone, which can cause hypertension. Other conditions that can cause hypertension are blood vessel diseases, thyroid gland disorders, some prescribed drugs, alcoholism, and pregnancy. Even though the cause of most hypertension is not known, some people have risk factors that give them a greater chance of getting hypertension.

Risk factors for hypertension include: age over 60 male sex race heredity salt sensitivity obesity inactive lifestyle heavy alcohol consumption use of oral contraceptives

DIAGNOSIS Because hypertension doesn't cause symptoms, it is important to have blood pressure checked regularly. Blood pressure is measured with an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.

A typical physical examination to evaluate hypertension includes:physical examination medical and family history physical examination ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the blood vessels in the eye chest x ray electrocardiograph (ECG) blood and urine tests.

Classified of hypertension Blood pressure measurements are classified in stages,according to severity: normal blood pressure: less than 120/80 mm Hg pre-hypertension: /80-89 mm Hg Stage 1 hypertension: /90-99 mm Hg Stage 2 hypertension: at or greater than / mm Hg

Treatment Treatment to lower blood pressure may include changes in :  Diet  getting regular exercise  and taking antihypertensive medications. Patients falling into the pre-hypertension range who don't have damage to the heart or kidneys often are advised to make needed lifestyle changes only.

Antihypertensive medicines fall into several classes of drugs: diuretics beta-blockers calcium channel blockers angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) alpha-blockers alpha-beta blockers vasodilators peripheral acting adrenergic antagonists centrally acting agonists

Prevention of hypertension Prevention of hypertension centers on avoiding or eliminating known risk factors. Even persons at risk because of age, race, or sex or those who have an inherited risk can lower their chance of developing hypertension

The risk of developing hypertension can be reduced by making the same changes recommended for treating hypertension: reducing salt intake reducing fat intake losing weight getting regular exercise quitting smoking reducing alcohol consumption managing stress