1 WiFi Network standards WiFi Network standards BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

2 We are now going to take a look at the different WiFi standards that have been released since 1999 to present day There are four networks currently in operation today operating in two different frequency ranges These standards are constantly under development and are evolving to increase interoperability with other wireless devices We are now going to take a look at the different WiFi standards that have been released since 1999 to present day There are four networks currently in operation today operating in two different frequency ranges These standards are constantly under development and are evolving to increase interoperability with other wireless devices BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

3 The four wireless standards are: 1)802.11a 2)802.11b 3)802.11g 4)802.11n Let’s take a closer look at these standards……… The four wireless standards are: 1)802.11a 2)802.11b 3)802.11g 4)802.11n Let’s take a closer look at these standards……… BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

a: 1)The first WiFi standard to be released 2)Used mostly in corporate applications 3)Operates in the 5GHz range 4)Offers 54 Mbps of bandwidth speed 5)Has a range of 100’ 6)Not implemented anymore a: 1)The first WiFi standard to be released 2)Used mostly in corporate applications 3)Operates in the 5GHz range 4)Offers 54 Mbps of bandwidth speed 5)Has a range of 100’ 6)Not implemented anymore BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

b: 1)The second WiFi standard to be released 2)Utilized by corporations and the public 3)Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency range 4)Offers 11Mbps of bandwidth speed 5)Has a range of 150’ 6)No longer implemented anymore b: 1)The second WiFi standard to be released 2)Utilized by corporations and the public 3)Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency range 4)Offers 11Mbps of bandwidth speed 5)Has a range of 150’ 6)No longer implemented anymore BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

g: 1)The third WiFi standard to be released 2)Gained a lot of popularity and found in many hot spots 3)Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency range 4)Offers 54Mbps of bandwidth speed 5)Has a range of 150’ 6)Still widely used and available g: 1)The third WiFi standard to be released 2)Gained a lot of popularity and found in many hot spots 3)Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency range 4)Offers 54Mbps of bandwidth speed 5)Has a range of 150’ 6)Still widely used and available BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

n: 1)The latest standard to be released 2)Widely available and implemented everywhere 3)Operates in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency range 4)Offers 70 to 300Mbps (still under development and bandwidth varies depending on manufacturer) 5) Has a range of 200’ to 400’ (depending on manufacturer) 6)Current n: 1)The latest standard to be released 2)Widely available and implemented everywhere 3)Operates in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency range 4)Offers 70 to 300Mbps (still under development and bandwidth varies depending on manufacturer) 5) Has a range of 200’ to 400’ (depending on manufacturer) 6)Current BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

8 Ranges and bandwidth will vary depending on the environment and placement of the wireless router or access point Some factors that affect range and bandwidth are: Mirrors Walls, sheetrock 1dBi loss, plywood 2dBi, concrete 3dBi Mechanicals in the walls, HVAC ducts, conduits etc. Ceramic walls Large appliances Trees will affect outdoor performance Ranges and bandwidth will vary depending on the environment and placement of the wireless router or access point Some factors that affect range and bandwidth are: Mirrors Walls, sheetrock 1dBi loss, plywood 2dBi, concrete 3dBi Mechanicals in the walls, HVAC ducts, conduits etc. Ceramic walls Large appliances Trees will affect outdoor performance BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

9 The most popular wireless network is g though the n is gaining ground Wireless routers operating in the 5GHz range are more susceptible to interference than the 2.4GHz routers Every new release of a wireless standard is backward compatible with previous version, however if you have an “n” card in your laptop and you connect to a “b” network your surfing at the “b” rates The most popular wireless network is g though the n is gaining ground Wireless routers operating in the 5GHz range are more susceptible to interference than the 2.4GHz routers Every new release of a wireless standard is backward compatible with previous version, however if you have an “n” card in your laptop and you connect to a “b” network your surfing at the “b” rates BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

10 In the U.S. there are 11 channels that WAPs broadcast on, in Japan and Europe they are a total of 14 channels Each channel is 22MHz wide with a top, center and bottom frequency Remember that these channels operate in the 2.4GHz frequency range In the U.S. there are 11 channels that WAPs broadcast on, in Japan and Europe they are a total of 14 channels Each channel is 22MHz wide with a top, center and bottom frequency Remember that these channels operate in the 2.4GHz frequency range BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

11 In the U.S. the standard calls for the 2.4GHz frequency to be split into 11 overlapping channels, channel 1, 6 and 11 are considered non-overlapping In the U.S. the standard calls for the 2.4GHz frequency to be split into 11 overlapping channels, channel 1, 6 and 11 are considered non-overlapping BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

12 Another way to increase performance of your wireless router is to set it on a non-overlapping channel inSSIDer is a utility you can download for free and it will show all wireless routers in your vicinity, the channel it’s on and the SSID of the router It will also show the channel frequency allocation in real time Another way to increase performance of your wireless router is to set it on a non-overlapping channel inSSIDer is a utility you can download for free and it will show all wireless routers in your vicinity, the channel it’s on and the SSID of the router It will also show the channel frequency allocation in real time BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

13 Here’s a screen shot of inSSIDer Here’s a screen shot of inSSIDer BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

14 The wireless coverage area and signal can be increased by installing amplifiers and high gain antennas Most APs and wireless routers come out of the box with your standard monopole or “rubber duck antenna” with about a 3dBi gain The wireless coverage area and signal can be increased by installing amplifiers and high gain antennas Most APs and wireless routers come out of the box with your standard monopole or “rubber duck antenna” with about a 3dBi gain BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

15 There are many different styles of antennas for both indoor and outdoor applications In some cases the antenna can be extended away from the AP with a coax cable and placed 3’ to 30’ away There are two categories for AP antennas: 1)Omni-directional 2) Directional There are many different styles of antennas for both indoor and outdoor applications In some cases the antenna can be extended away from the AP with a coax cable and placed 3’ to 30’ away There are two categories for AP antennas: 1)Omni-directional 2) Directional BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

16 The basic omnidirectional antenna is either a monopole or a dipole antenna Let’s look a the dipole first The basic omnidirectional antenna is either a monopole or a dipole antenna Let’s look a the dipole first BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

17 A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven element It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven element It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

18 The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors The antenna pattern of a dipole The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors The antenna pattern of a dipole BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

19 A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called a ground plane The driving signal from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the output voltage is taken, between the lower end of the monopole and the ground plane A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called a ground plane The driving signal from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas the output voltage is taken, between the lower end of the monopole and the ground plane BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

20 The monopole antenna is very similar to a dipole antenna however, instead of two wires there is only one wire and a metal base (plane) that serves as the second conductor The monopole antenna is very similar to a dipole antenna however, instead of two wires there is only one wire and a metal base (plane) that serves as the second conductor BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

21 Omni directional antennas provide 360 degree coverage and the antenna pattern resembles a donut as opposed to a sphere Longer rubber duck antennas typically provide higher gain hence broader coverage Omni directional antennas provide 360 degree coverage and the antenna pattern resembles a donut as opposed to a sphere Longer rubber duck antennas typically provide higher gain hence broader coverage BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS Omni-directional ant. patterns

22 Dipole antennas are typically used on TVs such as rabbit ears Monopole antennas are used in APs and walkie- talkies Both antennas have similar propagation patterns Now we’ll look at directional antennas Dipole antennas are typically used on TVs such as rabbit ears Monopole antennas are used in APs and walkie- talkies Both antennas have similar propagation patterns Now we’ll look at directional antennas BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

23 A directional antenna is an antenna which radiates greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance on transmit and receive and reduced interference from unwanted sources Directional antennas like Yagi antennas provide increased performance over dipole antennas when a greater concentration of radiation in a certain direction is desired A directional antenna is an antenna which radiates greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance on transmit and receive and reduced interference from unwanted sources Directional antennas like Yagi antennas provide increased performance over dipole antennas when a greater concentration of radiation in a certain direction is desired BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

24 Yagi antennas are similar to the old TV antennas that you can still find on the roofs of homes all across the country Yagi antennas are similar to the old TV antennas that you can still find on the roofs of homes all across the country BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS OLD TV ANTENNA YAGI ANTENNAS

25 A Yagi-Uda (the two Japanese inventors) antenna is essentially a dipole antenna set in a horizontal plane with additional elements added Depending on the length and spacing of the elements they will increase overall gain and directional beam There are other directional antennas that have completely different exterior designs that are more stream line but are internally built on the same principles A Yagi-Uda (the two Japanese inventors) antenna is essentially a dipole antenna set in a horizontal plane with additional elements added Depending on the length and spacing of the elements they will increase overall gain and directional beam There are other directional antennas that have completely different exterior designs that are more stream line but are internally built on the same principles BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

26 The directional antenna concentrates and propagates the signal in one direction and provides various degrees of angle coverage The directional antenna concentrates and propagates the signal in one direction and provides various degrees of angle coverage BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

27 Below is an example of different propagation patterns from a side view Below is an example of different propagation patterns from a side view BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

28 The RF industry utilizes dozens of different RG type coax connectors that connect antennas and cables for all types of applications The cable industry (CATV) uses “F” connectors The surveillance industry (CCTV) uses “BNC” The WiFi industry uses many different connectors……… The RF industry utilizes dozens of different RG type coax connectors that connect antennas and cables for all types of applications The cable industry (CATV) uses “F” connectors The surveillance industry (CCTV) uses “BNC” The WiFi industry uses many different connectors……… BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

29 Below is a chart of RF connectors and the frequency range that they’re designed for Below is a chart of RF connectors and the frequency range that they’re designed for BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

30 What two types of RG connectors do you think are the most commonly utilized for WAPs and wireless routers? What two types of RG connectors do you think are the most commonly utilized for WAPs and wireless routers? BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS

31 Most rubber duck antennas have either a SMA or TNC style connection These monopole antennas simply screw off and a higher gain antenna can be attached in place of the old one For even more gain an amplifier can be added to boost the signal N - Outdoor Amp - Most rubber duck antennas have either a SMA or TNC style connection These monopole antennas simply screw off and a higher gain antenna can be attached in place of the old one For even more gain an amplifier can be added to boost the signal N - Outdoor Amp - BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS